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demesne
In the feudal system the demesne ( ; from Old French ''demeine'', ultimately from Latin ''dominus'', "lord, master of a household" – ''demesne'' is a variant of ''domaine'' with an unetymological ''s'' inserted)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Demesne - Define Demesne at Dictionary.com )〕 was all the land, not necessarily all contiguous to the manor house, which was retained by a lord of the manor for his own use and support, under his own management, as distinguished from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. The system of manorial land tenure, broadly termed feudalism, was conceived in Western Europe, initially in France but exported to areas affected by Norman expansion during the Middle Ages, for example the Kingdoms of England, Sicily, Jerusalem, Scotland, and Ireland.
==Royal demesne==
In English common law the term ''ancient demesne'' referred to those lands that were held by the Crown at the time of the Domesday Book (1086). Immediately following the Norman Conquest of 1066 all land in England was claimed by King William the Conqueror as his absolute title by allodial right, being the commencement of the royal demesne. The king made immediate grants of very large parcels of land under various forms of feudal tenure from this demesne, generally in the form of feudal baronies. The land not so enfeoffed thus remained within the royal demesne, for example royal manors administered by royal stewards and royal hunting forests. It was from the income produced by these manors retained within the royal demesne that the king financed his administration, until the advent of taxation. Manors in the royal demesne were let out at "farm" to the sheriff of each shire in which they were located. Thus in return for an annual fixed payment made by him into the exchequer, known as the "farm", the sheriff was free to extract and retain whatever additional revenue he was able from the land "farmed", which amount was by design, to effect his remuneration for his burdensome office, considerably greater than the "farm". The procedure is fully described in the mediaeval Dialogue of the Exchequer. The royal demesne could be increased, for example, as a result of escheat or forfeiture where a feudal tenure would end and revert to its natural state in the royal demesne. During the reign of King George III (1760-1820), Parliament appropriated most of the royal demesne, in exchange for a fixed annual sum thenceforth payable to the monarch, called the Civil List. The position of the royal estate of Windsor, still occupied by the monarch and never alienated since 1066, may be a rare remnant of the royal demesne.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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