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deportation
Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country.〔Generally, definitions of deportation make no distinction between official and unofficial acts, and apply equally to nationals and foreigners. See: Henckaerts, ''Mass Expulsion in Modern International Law and Practice,'' 1995, p. 4-5.〕 Today the expulsion of foreign nationals is usually called deportation, whereas the expulsion of nationals is called banishment, exile, or penal transportation.〔Some countries distinguish between deportation and penal transportation. For example, in the United States, "Strictly speaking, transportation, extradition, and deportation, although each has the effect of removing a person from the country, are different things, and have different purposes. Transportation is by way of punishment of one convicted of an offense against the laws of the country. Extradition is the surrender to another country of one accused of an offense against its laws, there to be tried, and, if found guilty, punished. Deportation is the removal of an alien out of the country, simply because his presence is deemed inconsistent with the public welfare and without any punishment being imposed or contemplated either under the laws of the country out of which he is sent or of those of the country to which he is taken." See: ''Fong Yue Ting v. United States,'' 149 U.S. 697, at 709 (1893).〕 Deportation is an ancient practice: Khosrau I, Sassanid King of Persia, deported 292,000 citizens, slaves, and conquered people to the new city of Ctesiphon in 542 C.E.〔Christensen, ''The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500,'' 1993.〕
==Military occupation==
Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits the deportation of people into or out of occupied territory under belligerent military occupation:〔Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.(Commentary on Part III : Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III : Occupied territories Art. 49 ) by the ICRC〕
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