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dextromoramide
Dextromoramide (Palfium, Palphium, Jetrium, Dimorlin)〔GB Patent 822055〕 is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting.〔Twycross and Lack, (1989) Oral morphine in advanced cancer. (2nd) Beaconsfield.〕 It is subject to drug prohibition regimes, both internationally through UN treaties and by the criminal law of individual states. It is still marketed solely in the Netherlands.
==History==
Dextromoramide was discovered and patented in 1956 by Dr Paul Janssen at Janssen Pharmaceutica, who also discovered fentanyl, another important synthetic opioid, widely used to treat pain and in combination with other drugs as an anaesthetic.
Dextromoramide was singled out along with ketobemidone and several other synthetics by the United Nations and European Union as being "extra-dangerous" in the early 1960s, with dextromoramide being alleged to be three times more euphoric than heroin at equianalgesic doses, though this did little to stem production in the first half of the decade. The development of the moramides and the coming to fruition of work on piritramide were two of the events that precipitated the 1961 update to the Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs, as cited by Dr Shulgin in ''Controlled Substances'' and various monographs.
Dextromoramide was much favoured by drug users in Australia in the 1970s and the United Kingdom.〔Australian Journal of Pharmacy 1980;61:641-644.〕 It has the main proprietary name of Palfium amongst others, though as of mid-2004 the drug was discontinued in the UK due to limited supplies of precursor chemicals. Although this is true, it is believed there was an approximate one year shortage of Dextromoramide and the real reason that Palfium was not put back into production for the UK market is because of how addictive and potent it is as an oral painkiller. Dependence liability is similar to morphine, but with a less severe withdrawal syndrome. The only European countries that now use the brand palfium are the Netherlands, Ireland and Luxembourg. It is presumably able to be imported into other Schengen zone countries under Title 76 of said treaty coming into force in 2002. It is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance in the United States, with a DEA ACSCN of 9613 and an annual aggregate manufacturing quota of zero as of 2013, and had been out of use in the United States for around a decade when the new Controlled Substances Act 1970 was promulgated.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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