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Dhimmitude is a neologism borrowed from the French language. It is derived by adding the productive suffix ''-tude'' to the Arabic noun ''dhimmi'', which refers to a non-Muslim living a restricted life as a second-class subject of an Islamic state. The term has several distinct, but related meanings depending on the author; its scope may be historical only, contemporary only, or both. It may encompass the whole system of dhimma, look only at its subjects (dhimmis), or even apply it outside of any established system of dhimma, often polemically. The term has been criticised by some academic scholars as misleading and Islamophobic. ==Origin== The term was coined in 1982 by the Lebanese President Bachir Gemayel, who was later assassinated, in reference to perceived attempts by the country's Muslim leadership to subordinate the large Lebanese Christian minority. In a speech of September 14, 1982 given at Dayr al-Salib in Lebanon, he said: "Lebanon is our homeland and will remain a homeland for Christians… We want to continue to christen, to celebrate our rites and traditions, our faith and our creed whenever we wish… Henceforth, we refuse to live in any dhimmitude!"〔As reprinted in ''Lebanon News'' 8, no. 18 (September 14, 1985), 1-2〕 The concept of "dhimmitude" was introduced into Western discourse by the writer Bat Ye'or in a French-language article published in the Italian journal ''La Rassegna mensile di Israel'' in 1983.〔Bat Ye'or, "Terres arabes: terres de 'dhimmitude'", in ''La Cultura Sefardita'', vol. 1, ''La Rassegna mensile di Israel'' 44, no. 1-4, 3rd series (1983): 94-102〕 In Bat Ye'or's use, "dhimmitude" refers to allegations of non-Muslims appeasing and surrendering to Muslims, and discrimination against non-Muslims in Muslim majority regions.〔Griffith, Sidney H., ''The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude, Seventh-Twentieth Century'', International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4. (Nov., 1998), pp. 619-621, .〕 Ye'or further popularized the term in her books ''The Decline of Eastern Christianity: From Jihad to Dhimmitude'' and the 2003 followup ''Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide'' In a 2011 interview, she claimed to have indirectly inspired Gemayel's use of the term.〔"I founded the word dhimmitude and I discussed it with my Lebanese friends () My friend spoke about this word to Bashir Gemayel who used it in his last speech before his assassination." in (An Egyptian Jew in Exile: An Interview with Bat Ye’or )(), newenglishreview.org, October 2011〕 ==Associations and usage== The associations of the word "dhimmitude" vary between users: * Bat Ye'or defined dhimmitude as the condition and experience of those who are subject to ''dhimma'', and thus not synonymous to, but rather a subset of the ''dhimma'' phenomenon: "dhimmitude () represents a behavior dictated by fear (terrorism), pacifism when aggressed, rather than resistance, servility because of cowardice and vulnerability. () By their peaceful surrender to the Islamic army, they obtained the security for their life, belongings and religion, but they had to accept a condition of inferiority, spoliation and humiliation. As they were forbidden to possess weapons and give testimony against a Muslim, they were put in a position of vulnerability and humility."〔(John W. Whitehead, An interview with Bat Ye'or. Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, 5 September 2005 )〕 The term plays a key role in the allegedly Islamophobic conspiracy theory of Eurabia. * A more recent pejorative usage variant of "dhimmi" and "dhimmitude" divorces the words from the historical context and applies them to situations where non-Muslims in the West and India are championing Islamic causes above others. "Dhimmi" is treated as analogous to "Quisling" within this context. *Sidney H. Griffith states that it "has come to express the theoretical, social condition" of non-Muslims "under Muslim rule". * According to Bassam Tibi, ''dhimmitude'' refers to non-Muslims being "allowed to retain their religious beliefs under certain restrictions". He describes that status as being inferior and a violation of religious freedom. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「dhimmitude」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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