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The term dialect (from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος ''diálektos'', "discourse", from διά ''diá'', "through" and λέγω ''legō'', "I speak") is used in two distinct ways. One usage—the more common among linguists—refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers.〔(Oxford English dictionary. ) 〕 The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class.〔(Merriam-Webster Online dictionary. )〕 A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect, and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect. According to this definition, any variety of a language constitutes "a dialect", including any standard varieties. The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not derived ''from'' it.〔Maiden, Martin & Mair Parry. 1997. ''The Dialects of Italy''. London: Routledge, p. 2.〕 In this sense, the standard language is not itself considered a dialect. A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation (including prosody, or just prosody itself), the term ''accent'' may be preferred over ''dialect''. Other types of speech varieties include jargons, which are characterized by differences in lexicon (vocabulary); slang; patois; pidgins; and argots. The particular speech patterns used by an individual are termed an idiolect. ==Standard and non-standard dialect== A ''standard dialect'' (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a correct spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect (prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.). There may be multiple standard dialects associated with a single language. For example, Standard American English, Standard British English, Standard Canadian English, Standard Indian English, Standard Australian English, and Standard Philippine English may all be said to be standard dialects of the English language. A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support. Examples of a nonstandard English dialect are Southern American English, Western Australian English, Scouse and Tyke. The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wright to compare different English dialects with each other. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「dialect」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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