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A diaspora (from Greek διασπορά, "scattering, dispersion") is a scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale. Diaspora can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland.〔 Diaspora has come to refer particularly to historical mass dispersions of an involuntary nature, such as the expulsion of Jews from Judea, the fleeing of Greeks after the fall of Constantinople, the African Trans-Atlantic slave trade, the southern Chinese or Hindus of South Asia during the coolie trade, the deportation of Palestinians in the 20th century〔 and the exile and deportation of Circassians. Recently, scholars have distinguished between different kinds of diaspora, based on its causes such as imperialism, trade or labor migrations, or by the kind of social coherence within the diaspora community and its ties to the ancestral lands. Some diaspora communities maintain strong political ties with their homeland. Other qualities that may be typical of many diasporas are thoughts of return, relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full integration into the host country. ==Origins and development of the term== The term is derived from the Greek verb διασπείρω (''diaspeirō''), "I scatter", "I spread about"〔 and that from διά (''dia''), "between, through, across"〔 + the verb σπείρω (''speirō''), "I sow, I scatter".〔 In Ancient Greece the term διασπορά (''diaspora'') hence meant "scattering"〔 and was inter alia used to refer to citizens of a dominant city-state who emigrated to a conquered land with the purpose of colonization, to assimilate the territory into the empire.〔pp.1-2, Tetlow〕 An example of a diaspora from classical antiquity is the century-long exile of the Messenians under Spartan rule. Its use began to develop from this original sense when the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek;〔p.81, Kantor〕 the first mention of a diaspora created as a result of exile is found in the Septuagint,〔 first in *Deuteronomy 28:25, in the phrase , ''esē en diaspora en pasais tais basileiais tēs gēs'', translated to mean "thou shalt be a dispersion in all kingdoms of the earth" and secondly in *Psalms 146(147).2, in the phrase , ''oikodomōn Ierousalēm ho Kyrios kai tas diasporas tou Israēl episynaxē'', translated to mean "The Lord doth build up Jerusalem: he gathereth together the outcasts of Israel". So after the Bible's translation into Greek, the word ''Diaspora'' would then have been used to refer to the Northern Kingdom exiled between 740-722 BC from Israel by the Assyrians,〔Assyrian captivity of Israel〕 as well as Jews, Benjaminites, and Levites exiled from the Southern Kingdom in 587 BCE by the Babylonians, and from Roman Judea in 70 CE by the Roman Empire.〔pp.53, 105-106, Kantor〕 It subsequently came to be used to refer to the historical movements of the dispersed ethnic population of Israel, to the cultural development of that population or to that population itself.〔p.1, Barclay〕 In English when capitalized and without modifiers (that is simply, ''the Diaspora''), the term refers specifically to the Jewish diaspora;〔 when uncapitalized the word ''diaspora'' may be used to refer to refugee or immigrant populations of other origins or ethnicities living "away from an established or ancestral homeland".〔 The wider application of ''diaspora'' evolved from the Assyrian two-way mass deportation policy of conquered populations to deny future territorial claims on their part.〔pp.96-97, Galil & Weinfeld〕 According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary Online'', the first known recorded usage of the word ''diaspora'' in the English language was in 1876 referring "extensive ''diaspora'' work (as it is termed) of evangelizing among the National Protestant Churches on the continent". The term became more widely assimilated into English by the mid 1950s, with long-term expatriates in significant numbers from other particular countries or regions also being referred to as a diaspora. An academic field, diaspora studies, has become established relating to this sense of the word. In all cases, the term ''diaspora'' carries a sense of displacement the population so described finds itself for whatever reason separated from its national territory, and usually its people have a hope, or at least a desire, to return to their homeland at some point, if the "homeland" still exists in any meaningful sense. Some writers have noted that diaspora may result in a loss of nostalgia for a single home as people "re-root" in a series of meaningful displacements. In this sense, individuals may have multiple homes throughout their diaspora, with different reasons for maintaining some form of attachment to each. Diasporic cultural development often assumes a different course from that of the population in the original place of settlement. Over time, remotely separated communities tend to vary in culture, traditions, language and other factors. The last vestiges of cultural affiliation in a diaspora is often found in community resistance to language change and in maintenance of traditional religious practice. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「diaspora」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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