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diglossia
In linguistics, diglossia (; (ギリシア語:διγλωσσία) < prefix denoting two, from , twice + , language + , suffix denoting state or attribute, "speaking two languages") refers to a situation in which two dialects or languages are used by a single language community. In addition to the community's everyday or vernacular language variety (labelled "L" or "low" variety), a second, highly codified variety (labelled "H" or "high") is used in certain situations such as literature, formal education, or other specific settings, but not used for ordinary conversation.
The high variety may be an older stage of the same language (e.g. Latin in the early Middle Ages), an unrelated language, or a distinct yet closely related present day dialect (e.g. Norwegian with Bokmål and Nynorsk, or Chinese with Mandarin as the official, literary standard and colloquial topolects/dialects used in everyday communication). Other examples include literary Katharevousa versus spoken Demotic Greek, Indonesian, with its ''Baku'' and ''Gaul'' forms,〔James N. Sneddon ``Diglossia in Indonesian' '. "Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde", Vol. 159, No. 4 (2003), pp. 519–549〕 and the Dravidian language Tamil of southern India and Telugu with their respective high and low registers.
== Etymology ==
The Greek word διγλωσσία (''diglōssia'') normally refers to bilingualism in general, but was first used in the specialized meaning explained by Emmanuel Rhoides in the prologue of his ''Parerga'' in 1885. The term was immediately adapted into French as ''diglossie'' by the Greek linguist and demoticist Ioannis Psycharis, with credit to Rhoides. The Arabist William Marçais used the term in 1930 to describe the linguistic situation in Arabic-speaking countries. The sociolinguist Charles A. Ferguson introduced the English equivalent ''diglossia'' in 1959.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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