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Distributism (also known as distributionism〔Coulter, Michael (2007). ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Social Thought, Social Science and Social Policy''. Scarecrow Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8108-5906-7〕 or distributivism〔McConkey, Dale; Lawler, Peter (2003). ''Faith, Morality, and Civil Society''. Lexington Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7391-0483-5〕) is an economic ideology that developed in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical ''Rerum novarum'' and Pope Pius XI in ''Quadragesimo anno''.〔Allitt, Patrick (2000). ''Catholic Converts: British and American Intellectuals Turn to Rome''. Cornell University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8014-8663-0〕 In the early 21st century, some observers have speculated about Pope Francis's exact position on distributism〔(Pope Francis needs distributism: Americans and popes alike can embrace a humane alternative to modern capitalism, Arthur W. Hunt, III, The American Conservative, April 3, 2014, accessed 2/12/2015 )〕〔(No, the Pope Doesn’t Need Distributism (Because Nobody Does), Joe Carter, Acton Institute Power Blog, Friday, April 4, 2014, accessed 2/12/2015 )〕〔(Pope Francis Condemns Distributism, Steve Kellmeyer, The Fifth Column: Orthodox Catholic, Thursday, November 28, 2013, accessed 2/12/2015 )〕〔(Is Pope Francis a Distributist?, Shane Schaetzel, Tuesday, 26 November 2013, accessed 2/12/2015 )〕〔(Let's Listen to Pope Francis on Economics, Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, FirstThings.com, November 27, 2013, accessed 2/12/2015 )〕〔(Mark T. Mitchell, Front Porch Republic, April 3, 2014, accessed 2/12/2015 )〕〔(Capitalism nor Communism: Distributism, April 15, 2014, accessed 2/12/2015 )〕 because of his denouncement of unfettered capitalism as tyranny in his 84-page apostolic exhortation ''Evangelii gaudium'': ==Overview== According to distributists, property ownership is a fundamental right,〔Shiach, Morag (2004). ''Modernism, Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture, 1890-1930''. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-521-83459-9〕 and the means of production should be spread as widely as possible, rather than being centralized under the control of the state (state socialism), a few individuals (plutocracy), or corporations (corporatocracy). Distributism, therefore, advocates a society marked by widespread property ownership.〔Zwick, Mark and Louise (2004). ''The Catholic Worker Movement: Intellectual and Spiritual Origins ''. Paulist Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-8091-4315-3〕 Co-operative economist Race Mathews argues that such a system is key to bringing about a just social order.〔Gibson-Graham, J.K. (2006). ''A Postcapitalist Politics''. University of Minnesota Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-8166-4804-7.〕 Distributism has often been described in opposition to both socialism and capitalism,〔Boyle, David; Simms, Andrew (2009). ''The New Economics''. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84407-675-8〕〔Novak, Michael; Younkins, Edward W. (2001). ''Three in One: Essays on Democratic Capitalism, 1976-2000''. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7425-1171-2〕 which distributists see as equally flawed and exploitive.〔Prentiss, Craig R. (2008). ''Debating God's Economy: Social Justice in America on the Eve of Vatican II''. Penn State University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-271-03341-9〕 Thomas Storck argues: "both socialism and capitalism are products of the European Enlightenment and are thus modernizing and anti-traditional forces. Further, some distributists argue that socialism is the logical conclusion of capitalism as capitalism's concentrated powers eventually capture the state, resulting in a form of socialism.〔(Article in Front Porch Republic )〕〔(Article in Humanist Society of New South Wales Inc. )〕 In contrast, distributism seeks to subordinate economic activity to human life as a whole, to our spiritual life, our intellectual life, our family life".〔Storck, Thomas. "Capitalism and Distributism: two systems at war," in ''Beyond Capitalism & Socialism''. Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75〕 Some have seen it more as an aspiration, which has been successfully realised in the short term by commitment to the principles of subsidiarity and solidarity (these being built into financially independent local cooperatives and small family businesses), though proponents also cite such periods as the Middle Ages as examples of the historical long-term viability of distributism.〔Hilaire Belloc, "The Servile Institution Dissolved," ''The Servile State'', (1913; reprint, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1977), 71-83.〕 Particularly influential in the development of distributist theory were Catholic authors G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc,〔 the ''Chesterbelloc'', two of distributism's earliest and strongest proponents.〔Fitzgerald, Ross et al. (2003). ''The Pope's Battalions: Santamaria, Catholicism and the Labor Split''. University of Queensland Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7022-3389-0〕〔Riff, Michael A. (1990). ''Dictionary of Modern Political Ideologies''. Manchester University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7190-3289-9〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「distributism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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