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divalent In chemistry, a divalent (sometimes bivalent〔(Explanation on numerical prefixes )〕) element, ion, functional group or molecule has a valence of two. Valency is the number of chemical bonds formed, which may be covalent, polar covalent or ionic. Examples: * Divalent elements include calcium and sulfur. While the bonds formed by calcium are ionic; sulfur can form covalent bonds as in H2S or ionic bonds as in Na2S. * Divalent anions have a charge of −2, for example S2− and SO42−. * Divalent cations have a charge of +2, for example Fe2+, Ca2+ and Hg22+. * Divalent functional groups include the imino (=NH) and carbonyl (=O). ==Water Hardness== (詳細はlimescale.〔World Health Organization (Hardness in Drinking-Water ), 2003〕
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