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dolorimeter
A dolorimeter is an instrument used to measure pain threshold and pain tolerance. Dolorimetry has been defined as "the measurement of pain sensitivity or pain intensity."〔(Stedman's Medical Dictionary 2004 Houghton Mifflin Company )〕 There are several kinds of dolorimeter that have been developed. Dolorimeters apply steady pressure, heat, or electrical stimulation to some area, or move a joint or other body part and determine what level of heat or pressure or electric current or amount of movement produces a sensation of pain. Sometimes the pressure is applied using a blunt object, or by locally increasing the air pressure on some area of the body, and sometimes by pressing a sharp instrument against the body.
==History==
In 1940, James D. Hardy, Harold G. Wolff and Helen Goodell of Cornell University introduced the first dolorimeter as a method for evaluating the effectiveness of analgesic medications.〔''Pain Sensations and Reactions'', J. D. Hardy, H. G. Wolff, H. Goodell, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1952.〕 They did their work at New York Hospital. They focused the light of a 100 watt projection lamp with a lens on an area of skin that had been blackened. They found that most people expressed a pain sensation when the skin temperature reached 113 °F (45 °C). They also found that after the skin temperature reached 152 °F (67 °C), the pain sensations did not intensify even if the heat was increased. They developed a pain scale, called the "Hardy-Wolff-Goodell" scale, with 10 gradations, or 10 levels. They assigned the name of "dols" to these levels.〔(''The Problem of Pain'' ), ''Time'' magazine, July 30, 1956.〕〔(''Thermally Induced Pain, the Dol Scale, and the Psychophysical Power Law'' ), Eleanor R. Adair, Joseph C. Stevens, Lawrence E. Marks, The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 81, No. 2 (Jun., 1968), pp. 147-164 〕 Unfortunately, other researchers were not able to reproduce the results of Hardy, Wolff and Goodell and the device and the approach was abandoned.〔(''Displacing the Dolorimeter: The Fate of a Pain Measuring Instrument in the Era of Therapeutic Reform, U. S. 1940s-50s'' ), Noémi Tousignant, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Anesthesiology.〕 Harvard Medical School Professor and Massachusetts General Hospital Anaesthetist Henry K. Beecher (1957) expressed skepticism about this method of measuring pain.〔(''The Measurement of Pain: Prototype for the Quantitative Study of Subjective Responses'' ), Henry K. Beecher, Pharmacological Reviews. 9:59-209〕
In 1945, ''Time'' magazine reported that Cleveland's Dr. Lorand Julius Bela Gluzek had developed a dolorimeter that measured pain in grams.〔(Ouch! ), ''Time'', Monday, Jan. 01, 1945.〕〔GLUZEK, L. J. B. "Dolorimetry in medical practice: the quantitative measure
of deep sensibility and of pain". Med. rec., N. Y., 1944, 157, 292-294.〕 Dr. Gluzek claimed that his dolorimeter was 97% accurate.
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