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dome
A dome (from Latin: ''domus'') is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. The precise definition has been a matter of controversy. There are also a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them. A dome can rest upon a rotunda or drum, and can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome through squinches or pendentives. A lantern may cover an oculus and may itself have another dome.
Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into prehistory and they have been constructed from mud, stone, wood, brick, concrete, metal, glass, and plastic over the centuries. The symbolism associated with domes includes mortuary, celestial, and governmental traditions that have likewise developed over time.
Domes have been found from early Mesopotamia, which may explain the form's spread. They are found in Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Chinese architecture in the Ancient world, as well as among a number of contemporary indigenous building traditions. They were popular in Byzantine and medieval Islamic architecture, and there are numerous examples from Western Europe in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance style spread from Italy in the Early modern period. Advancements in mathematics, materials, and production techniques since that time resulted in new dome types. The domes of the modern world can be found over religious buildings, legislative chambers, sports stadiums, and a variety of functional structures.
== Etymology ==
The English word "dome" ultimately derives from the Latin ''domus'' ("house")—which, up through the Renaissance, labeled a revered house, such as a ''Domus Dei'', or "House of God", regardless of the shape of its roof. This is reflected in the uses of the Italian word ''duomo'', the German/Icelandic/Danish word ''dom'' ("cathedral"), and the English word ''dome'' as late as 1656, when it meant a "Town-House, Guild-Hall, State-House, and Meeting-House in a city." The French word ''dosme'' came to acquire the meaning of a cupola vault, specifically, by 1660. This French definition gradually became the standard usage of the English ''dome'' in the eighteenth century as many of the most impressive Houses of God were built with monumental domes, and in response to the scientific need for more technical terms.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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