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''Douchi'' ((中国語: 豆豉), Pinyin: dòuchǐ, Jyutping: dau6si6) is a type of fermented and salted black soybean. In English, it is known as fermented black soybeans, Chinese fermented black beans ((中国語: 黑豆豆豉), Pinyin: ''hēidòu dòuchǐ'', Jyutping: hak1dau6 dau6si6), salted black beans, salty black beans, or just black beans. They are a flavoring most popular in the cuisine of China, where they are most widely used for making black bean sauce.〔Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A (History of Fermented Black Soybeans (165 B.C. to 2011) ). Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center, 2011〕 ''Douchi'' is made by fermenting and salting black soybeans. The black type soybean is most commonly used and the process turns the beans soft, and mostly dry (if the beans are allowed to dry). Regular soybeans (white soybeans) are also used, but this does not produce "salted black beans"; instead, these beans become brown. The smell is sharp, pungent, and spicy; the taste is salty, somewhat bitter and sweet. The product made with white soybeans is called ''mianchi'' (). The process and product are similar to ''ogiri'' and ''iru'', both being African fermented bean products . ''Douchi'', "Chinese salted black beans", and "black soybeans" should not be confused with the black turtle bean, a variety of common bean that is commonly used in the cuisines of Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. ==History== Fermented black soybeans are the oldest-known food made from soybeans. In 165 BC, they were placed, clearly marked, in Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui in South Central China. The tomb was sealed about 165 BC and was first opened in 1972.〔 The high-ranking lady to whom the undisturbed tomb belonged was probably the wife of the first Marquis of Tai. In 90 BC, in the ''Shiji'' (Simplified: 史记;traditional: 史記; pinyin: ''Shǐjì''; Jyutping: ''Si2gei3''), or the ''Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, Chapter 69, refers to 1,000 earthenware vessels of mold-fermented cereal grains and salty fermented soybeans ''(shi)''. They were now an important commodity in China. When the prince of Huainan (legendary inventor of tofu) was exiled for inciting rebellion (in 173 BC) against his brother, the Han Emperor Wendi, his retinue and he were, nevertheless, provided with such necessities of life as firewood, rice, salt, ''shi'' (fermented black soybeans), and cooking utensils. This date, 173 BC, is before Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui was sealed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「douchi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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