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In the terminology of Islam, ((アラビア語:دُعَاء), plural: ' ; also transliterated Doowa〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1531123/ )〕), literally meaning "invocation", is an act of supplication. The term is derived from an Arabic word meaning to 'call out' or to 'summon', and Muslims regard this as a profound act of worship. The Islamic prophet Muhammad is reported to have said "Dua is the very essence of worship," while one of God's commands expressed through the Quran is for them to call out to Him: There is a special emphasis on du'a in Muslim spirituality and early Muslims took great care to record the supplications of Muhammad and transmit them to subsequent generations. These traditions precipitated new genres of literature in which prophetic supplications were gathered together in single volumes that were memorized and taught. Collections such as Al-Nawawi's ''Kitab al-adhkar'' and Shams al-Din al-Jazari's ''al-Hisn al-Hasin'' exemplify this literary trend and gained significant currency among Muslim devotees keen to learn how Muhammad supplicated to God. However, Du'a literature is not restricted to prophetic supplications; many later Muslim scholars and sages composed their own supplications, often in elaborate rhyming prose that would be recited by their disciples. Popular du'as would include Muhammad al-Jazuli's ''Dala'il al-Khayrat'', which at its peak spread throughout the Muslim world, and Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili's ''Hizb al-Bahr'' which also had widespread appeal. Du'a literature reaches its most lyrical form in the ''Munajat'', or 'whispered intimate prayers' such as those of Ibn 'Ata Allah. Among the Shia schools, the ''Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya'' records du'as attributed to Ali and his grandson Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-'Abidin. ==Types and categories== Dua is essentially an expression of submission of faith to God and of one's neediness. Type I: ''Du'a al-mas'alah'', or the 'du'a of asking.' This type of du'a is when one asks for the fulfillment of a need, or that some harm be removed from him/her. An example would be when a person asks, "O God! Grant me good in this world, and good in the next life!" Type II: ''Du'a al-'ibadah, or the 'du'a of worship.' This type of du'a represents a very broad concept. In Islam, every single act of worship includes this type of du'a. Examples would include when a Muslim prays or gives ''zakāt'' or fasts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「dua」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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