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''Dunyā'' (دُنْيا) is originally an Arabic word that was passed to many other languages such as Persian, Dari, Pashto, Bengali, Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi, Kurdish, Nepali, Turkish, Arumanian, North-Caucasian languages, Malay, Swahili, and Indonesian as well as modern Greek. It means the temporal world—and its earthly concerns and possessions—as opposed to the eternal spiritual realm, or the hereafter (''ʾākhirah''). ''Dunyā'' most literally means 'closest' or 'lowest'. In the Qur'an, ''dunyā'' and ''ākhira'' represent oppositions in temporal, spatial and moral dimensions: now and later, below and above, evil and good, respectively. Two Qur'anic ayat (verses) illustrating these points are: * "Ordain for us the good in this world () and in the hereafter ()." (''Surah Al A'râf'' 7:156) * "You are my friend in this world () and the next ()." (''Surah Yusuf'' 12:101) Muslims are encouraged in the Qur'an 47:24 to ponder the verses of the Qur'an itself, and to do their best to not get too attached to this temporal existence and its trappings. In Islam, ''dunyā'' is a test; success and failure lead to paradise and hell respectively Quran 57:20. ==Modern usage== The word Dunya/Dunia is being used today by all Arabic speaking nations as well as other languages that borrowed it from Arabic. It is colloquially and in print used to describe a particular world, such as Dunia Islam, or refer to the world (Earth) in general, e.g. Dunya in Turkish. It is also a common Middle Eastern feminine name meaning life or world. Egypt is also called ''Umm al-Dunya'' in the Arabic language, meaning "the mother of the world" (original expression in colloquial Egyptian: "مصر أم الدنيا", trans. "Masr Um al-Dunya") 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「dunya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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