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echolalia
Echolalia (also known as echologia or echophrasia〔) is the automatic repetition of vocalizations made by another person (by the same person is called palilalia). It is one of the echophenomena, closely related to echopraxia, the automatic repetition of movements made by another person; both are "subsets of imitative behavior" whereby sounds or actions are imitated "without explicit awareness". Echolalia may be an immediate reaction to a stimulus or may be delayed.〔
The word "echolalia" is derived from the Greek , meaning "echo" or "to repeat", and (''laliá'') meaning "speech" or "talk" (of onomatopoeic origin, from the verb (''laléo''), meaning "to talk").
==Signs and symptoms==
Echolalia can be categorized as immediate (occurring immediately after the stimulus) vs. delayed (some time after the occurrence of a stimulus).〔〔 A typical pediatric presentation of echolalia might be as follows: a child is asked "Do you want dinner?"; the child echoes back "Do you want dinner?", followed by a pause, and then a response, "Yes. What's for dinner?"〔Bashe, P. R. ''The OASIS Guide to Asperger Syndrome; Advice, Support, Insight, and Inspiration''. Crown Publishers, 2001, p. 22.〕 Researchers observed the daily repetitions of an autistic six-year-old in order to examine the differences between triggers for delayed versus immediate echolalia. Researchers further distinguished immediate echos by the sequential context in which they occur: after corrections, after directives, or in indiscernible sequential positions. Delayed echos are distinguished on the basis of ownership: self-echos, other-echos, and impersonal echos. The results showed that nearly all immediate echos produced by the six-year-old were found in sequential contexts, while the delayed echos also occurred in the basis of ownership.
Although echolalia can be an impairment, the symptoms can involve a large selection of underlying meanings and behaviors across and within subjects.〔 ''Mitigated echolalia'' refers to a repetition in which the original stimulus is somewhat altered,〔 and ''ambient echolalia'' refers to the repetition (typically occurring in individuals with dementia) of environmental stimuli such as a television program running in the background.〔 A Japanese case report describes a 20- year old college student who was admitted to the hospital complaining for headaches and meningitis; however, he also exhibited signs of ambient echolalia. The researchers stated that the young patient's repetition was occurring at approximately the same tempo as his normal speech rate. The patient did not simply repeat words he had heard one after another. The patient reported that his ambient echolalia appeared to be random but appeared when he was distracted. He was also aware of his echolalia, but said he is unable to stop the repetitions.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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