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emishi
The constituted a group of people who lived in northeastern Honshū in the Tōhoku region which was referred to as in contemporary sources. The origin of the Emishi is unknown, but are believed to have descended from the Jōmon people. The first mention of them in literature dates to AD 400, in which they are mentioned as "the hairy people" from the Chinese records. Some Emishi tribes resisted the rule of the Japanese Emperors during the late Nara and early Heian periods (7th–10th centuries AD). Scholars believe that they were natives of northern Honshū and were descendants of those who developed the Jōmon culture in that region. They are thought to have been related to the Ainu. The separate ethnic status of the Emishi is not in doubt; this understanding is based upon a language that is separate from Japanese, which scholars have been unable to reconstruct.
==History==
The Emishi were represented by different tribes, some of whom became allies of the Japanese (''fushu, ifu'') and others of whom remained hostile (''iteki'').〔Takahashi,pp.110-113.〕 The Emishi in northeastern Honshū relied on their horses in warfare. They developed a unique style of warfare where horse archery and hit-and-run tactics proved very effective against the slower contemporary Japanese imperial army that mostly relied on heavy infantry. Their livelihood was based on hunting and gathering as well as on the cultivation of grains such as millet and barley. Recently, it has been thought that they practiced rice cultivation in areas where rice could be easily grown. The first major attempts to subjugate the Emishi in the 8th century were largely unsuccessful. The imperial armies, which were modeled after the mainland Chinese armies, were no match for the guerrilla tactics of the Emishi.〔Farris, William Wayne, ''Heavenly Warriors''(Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1992),p.117.〕
It was the development of horse archery and the adoption of Emishi tactics by the early Japanese warriors that led to the Emishi defeat. The success of the gradual change in battle tactics came at the very end of the 8th century in the 790s under the command of the general Sakanoue no Tamuramaro.〔Farris, pp.94-95,108-113.〕 They either submitted themselves to imperial authority as ''fushu'' and ''ifu'' or migrated further north, some to Hokkaidō. By the mid-9th century, most of their land in Honshū was conquered, and they ceased to be independent. However, they continued to be influential in local politics as subjugated, though powerful, Emishi families created semi-autonomous feudal domains in the north. In the two centuries following the conquest, a few of these domains became regional states that came into conflict with the central government. The following is a brief chronology of the main events in the relations between the Emishi and the Japanese.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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