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The empennage ( or ),〔Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 194. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. ISBN 1-56027-287-2〕〔Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) ISBN 0-9690054-9-0〕 also known as the tail or tail assembly, of most aircraft〔〔 gives stability to the aircraft, in a similar way to the feathers on an arrow; the term derives from the French for this. Most aircraft feature an empennage incorporating vertical and horizontal stabilising surfaces which stabilise the flight dynamics of yaw and pitch,〔〔 as well as housing control surfaces. In spite of effective control surfaces, many early aircraft that lacked a stabilising empennage were virtually unflyable. Even so-called "tailless aircraft" usually have a tail fin (vertical stabiliser). Heavier-than-air aircraft without any kind of empennage (such as the McDonnell Douglas X-36) are rare. ==Structure== Structurally, the empennage consists of the entire tail assembly, including the tailfin, the tailplane and the part of the fuselage to which these are attached.〔〔 On an airliner this would be all the flying and control surfaces behind the rear pressure bulkhead. The front (usually fixed) section of the tailplane is called the tailplane or horizontal stabiliser and is used to provide pitch stability. The rear section is called the elevator, and is usually hinged to the horizontal stabiliser. The elevator is a movable aerofoil that controls changes in pitch, the up-and-down motion of the aircraft's nose. Some aircraft employ an all-moving stabiliser and elevators in one unit, known as a stabilator or "full-flying stabiliser".〔〔 The vertical tail structure (or fin) has a fixed front section called the vertical stabiliser, used to restrict side-to-side motion of the aircraft (yawing). The rear section of the vertical fin is the rudder, a movable aerofoil that is used to turn the aircraft's nose to one side or the other. When used in combination with the ailerons, the result is a banking turn, often referred to as a "coordinated turn".〔〔 Some aircraft are fitted with a tail assembly that is hinged to pivot in two axes forward of the fin and stabiliser, in an arrangement referred to as a ''movable tail''. The entire empennage is rotated vertically to actuate the horizontal stabiliser, and sideways to actuate the fin.〔Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 14 (27th revised edition) ISBN 0-9690054-9-0〕 The aircraft's cockpit voice recorder, flight data recorder and emergency locator transmitter (ELT) are often located in the empennage, because the aft of the aircraft provides better protection for these in most aircraft crashes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「empennage」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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