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The ''encomienda'' ((:eŋkoˈmjenda)) was a dependency relation system, that started in Spain during the Roman Empire, where the stronger people protected the weakest in exchange for a service. It was later used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. The Spanish monarch would assign a Spaniard with the task of "protecting" a specific group of Native Americans. In the ''encomienda'', the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure. In return, the natives would give tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork or any other agricultural product. In the first decade of Spanish presence in the Caribbean, Spaniards divided up the natives, who in some cases were worked relentlessly. With the ouster of Christopher Columbus, the Spanish crown sent a royal governor, Fray Nicolás de Ovando, who established the formal encomienda system.〔Ida Altman, et al., ''The Early History of Greater Mexico,'' Pearson, 2003, p. 47〕 In many cases natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. However, Queen Isabella of Castile had forbidden Indian slavery and deemed the indigenous "free vassals of the crown,"〔Ida Altman, et al., ''The Early History of Greater Mexico,'' Pearson, 2003, 143〕 allowing many natives and Spaniards to appeal to the Real Audiencias. Encomiendas were often characterized by the geographical displacement of those enslaved and the breakup of communities and family units, but the encomienda in Mexico functioned to rule these free vassals of the crown via existing community hierarchies, with the indigenous not forced permanently from their families, homes, and land.〔Charles Gibson, ''The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule,'' Stanford, 1964.〕 In the former Inca Empire, for example, the system continued the Incaic (and even pre-Incaic) traditions of extracting tribute in the form of labor. == History == The heart of ''encomienda'' and ''encomendero'' lies in the Spanish verb ''encomendar'', "to entrust". The ''encomienda'' was based on the Reconquista institution in which ''adelantados'' were given the right to extract tribute from Muslims or other peasants in areas that they had conquered and resettled.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Encomienda. )〕 The ''encomienda system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution in that ''encomenderos'' did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the encomendero; Indian lands were to remain in their possession. This right was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the New World belong to this crown and not to the Catholic Monarchs as a whole.〔Scott, Meredith, "(The Encomienda System )".〕 The system was formally abolished in 1730, but had lost effectiveness much earlier. In many areas it had been abandoned for other forms of labor.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Encomienda )〕 In certain areas, this quasi-feudal system persisted. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「encomienda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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