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enkrateia
Enkrateia (Greek , "in power (over oneself)") from ἐν (en, “in”) + κράτος (krátos, “power”). ''Enkrateia'' comes from the adjective ''enkratês'' (ἐγκρατής from ἐν (en, “in”) + κράτος (krátos, “power”) meaning possession, power over something or someone else.
During Socrates' life three of his disciples, Isocrates, Xenophon and Plato, transformed the adjective ''enkratês'' to the noun ''enkrateia'' and gave it a different meaning: with them, ''enkrateia'' meant not power over something or somebody else but power over yourself, power over your own passions and instincts, self-control.〔Jaeger, W. (1943) Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture. Volume 2: In Search of the Divine Centre. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp 52-57〕
For Aristotle, ''enkrateia'' is the antonym of ''akrasia'' (ἀκρασία from ἀ = without + κράτος = power, control) which means "lacking command (over oneself)".〔http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/#Akr〕 In this sense, ''enkrateia'' is the state of performing what is known to be a positive choice because of its positive consequences as opposed to ''akrasia'', which is the state of performing what is known to be not a positive choice (because of its negative consequences), but nevertheless performing it because of its immediate pleasures.〔Akrasia in Greek Philosophy: From Socrates to Plotinus (2007) Christopher Bobonich and Pierre Destrée (ed.) Brill. p. 9〕
To Xenophon, ''enkrateia'' is not a particular virtue but "the foundation of all virtues".〔Jaeger, W. (1943) Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture. Volume 2: In Search of the Divine Centre. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 54〕
==See also==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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