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entamoeba
''Entamoeba'' is a genus of Amoebozoa found as internal parasites or commensals of animals.
In 1875, Fedor Lösch described the first proven case of amoebic dysentery in St Petersburg, Russia. He referred to the amoeba he observed microscopically as 'Amoeba coli'; however it is not clear whether he was using this as a descriptive term or intended it as a formal taxonomic name.〔Lösch, F. (1875) Massenhafte Entwickelung von Amöben im Dickdarm. Virchow's Archiv 65: 196-211.〕 The genus ''Entamoeba'' was defined by Casagrandi and Barbagallo for the species ''Entamoeba coli'', which is known to be a commensal organism.〔
* Casagrandi, O. & Barbagallo, P. (1895). Ricerche biologiche e cliniche sull' ''Amoeba coli'' (Lösch). (Nota preliminare). ''Bollettino delle sedute della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania'' 39: 4.〕 Lösch's organism was renamed ''Entamoeba histolytica'' by Fritz Schaudinn in 1903; he later died, in 1906, from a self-inflicted infection when studying this amoeba. For a time during the first half of the 20th century the entire genus ''Entamoeba'' was transferred to ''Endamoeba'', a genus of amoebas infecting invertebrates about which little is known. This move was reversed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the late 1950s, and ''Entamoeba'' has stayed 'stable' ever since.
==Species==
Several species are found in humans and animals. ''Entamoeba histolytica'' is the pathogen responsible for invasive 'amoebiasis' (which includes amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscesses). Others such as ''Entamoeba coli'' (not to be confused with ''Escherichia coli'') and ''Entamoeba dispar'' are harmless. With the exception of ''Entamoeba gingivalis'', which lives in the mouth, and ''E. moshkovskii'', which is frequently isolated from river and lake sediments, all ''Entamoeba'' species are found in the intestines of the animals they infect. ''Entamoeba invadens'' is a species that can cause a disease similar to ''E. histolytica'' but in reptiles. In contrast to other species, ''E. invadens'' forms cysts in vitro in the absence of bacteria and is used as a model system to study this aspect of the life cycle. Many other species of ''Entamoeba'' have been described and it is likely that many others remain to be found.
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