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An enthymeme ((ギリシア語:ἐνθύμημα), ''enthumēma''), is a rhetorical syllogism (a three-part deductive argument) used in oratorical practice. Originally theorized by Aristotle, there are four types of enthymeme, at least two of which are described in Aristotle's work. Aristotle referred to the enthymeme as "the body of proof," "the strongest of rhetorical proofs...a kind of syllogism" (''Rhetoric'' I.I.3,11). He considered it to be one of two kinds of proof, the other of which was the paradeigma. Maxims, Aristotle thought to be a derivative of enthymemes. (''Rhetoric'' II.XX.1) == Syllogism with an unstated premise == The first type of enthymeme is a truncated syllogism, or a syllogism with an unstated premise. Here is an example of an enthymeme derived from a syllogism through truncation (shortening) of the syllogism: *"Socrates is mortal because he's human." :The complete ''formal'' syllogism would be the classic: ::All humans are mortal. (major premise - unstated) ::Socrates is human. (minor premise - stated) ::Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion - stated) While syllogisms lay out all of their premises and conclusion explicitly, these kinds of enthymemes keep at least one of the premises or conclusion unstated. == Syllogism based on signs == In the Art of Rhetoric, Aristotle argues that some enthymemes are derived from syllogisms that are based on signs (''tekmērion'') instead of absolute facts. In this context, signs are "things () are so closely related that the presence or absence of one indicates the presence or absence of the other.”〔http://www.speaking.pitt.edu/student/public-speaking/reasoning.html〕 Examples are given below. *"He is ill, since he has a cough. Since she has a child, she has given birth." In the examples, 'having a cough' and 'having a child' are signs (or symptoms) of illness and giving birth respectively. In the later case, the enthymeme is only probably true, because there are other sources of children (i.e. adoption). Thus, the first example is a kind of enthymeme that is always true (because coughing and illness always go together) whereas the second example is only usually true.〔(Aristotle's Rhetoric: Different Types of Enthymemes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「enthymeme」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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