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epikleros
An ''epikleros'' (; plural ''epikleroi'') was an heiress in ancient Athens and other ancient Greek city states, specifically a daughter of a man who had no male heirs. In Sparta, they were called ''patrouchoi'' (), as they were in Gortyn. Athenian women were not allowed to hold property in their own name; in order to keep her father's property in the family, an ''epikleros'' was required to marry her father's nearest male relative. Even if a woman was already married, evidence suggests that she was required to divorce her spouse to marry that relative. Spartan women were allowed to hold property in their own right, and so Spartan heiresses were subject to less restrictive rules. Evidence from other city-states is more fragmentary, mainly coming from the city-states of Gortyn and Rhegium.
Plato wrote about ''epikleroi'' in his ''Laws'', offering idealized laws to govern their marriages. In mythology and history, a number of Greek women appear to have been ''epikleroi'', including Agariste of Sicyon and Agiatis, the widow of the Spartan king Agis IV. The status of ''epikleroi'' has often been used to explain the numbers of sons-in-law who inherited from their fathers-in-law in Greek mythology. The Third Sacred War originated in a dispute over ''epikleroi''.
==Etymology==
The term ''epikleros'' (a feminine adjective acting as noun; from the proverb ὲπί, ''epí'', "on, upon", and the noun κλῆρος, ''klēros'', "lot, estate") was used in ancient Greece to describe the daughter of a man who had died leaving no male heir. It translates to "attached to the family property",〔Grant ''The Rise of the Greeks'' p. 31〕 or "upon, with the estate". In most ancient Greek city states, women could not own property,〔 and so a system was devised to keep ownership within the male-defined family line. ''Epikleroi were required to marry the nearest relative on their father's side of the family, a system of inheritance known as the epiklerate.〔Pomeroy ''Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves'' pp. 60–62〕 Although ''epikleros'' is often mistranslated as "heiress",〔Cantarella "Gender, Sexuality, and Law" ''Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law'' pp. 248–249〕 strictly speaking the terms are not equivalent, as the woman never owned the property and so was unable to dispose of it.〔Lacey ''The Family in Ancient Greece'' p. 24〕 Raphael Sealey argues that another translation could be "female orphan".〔Sealey ''Justice of the Greeks'' p. 17〕 The term was used interchangeably, both of the woman herself, and of the property that was the inherited estate.〔Gould "Law, Custom and Myth" ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' p. 43 footnote 36〕 The entire system of the ''epiklerate'' was unique to Ancient Greece, and mainly an Athenian institution.〔
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