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Erhua (); also called erhuayin () or erization, refers to a phonological process that adds r-coloring or the "ér" (儿) sound (transcribed in IPA as ) to syllables in spoken Mandarin Chinese. It is most common in the speech varieties of North China, especially in the Beijing dialect, as a diminutive suffix for nouns, though some dialects also use it for other grammatical purposes. The Standard Chinese spoken in government-produced educational and examination recordings features erhua to some extent, as in 哪儿 ''nǎr'' ("where"), 一点儿 ''yìdiǎnr'' ("a little"), and 好玩儿 ''hǎowánr'' ("fun"). Colloquial speech in many northern dialects has more extensive erhua than the standardized language. Southwestern Mandarin dialects such as those of Chongqing and Chengdu also have erhua. By contrast, many Southern Chinese who speak non-Mandarin dialects may have difficulty pronouncing the sound or may simply prefer not to pronounce it, and usually avoid words with erhua when speaking Standard Chinese; for example, the three examples listed above may be replaced with the synonyms 哪里 ''nǎlǐ'', 一点 ''yìdiǎn'', 好玩 ''hǎowán''. Only a small number of words in standardized Mandarin, such as 二 ''èr'' "two" and 耳 ''ěr'' "ear", have r-colored vowels that do not result from the erhua process. All of the non-erhua r-colored syllables have no initial consonant, and are traditionally pronounced in Beijing dialect and in conservative/old Standard Mandarin varieties. In the recent decades, the vowel in the toned syllable "èr" has been lowered in many accents, making the syllable come to approach or acquire a quality like "àr" (e.g. , or with the appropriate tone). In some new accents and some different accents than Beijing, all the non-erhua r-colored syllables (may) use "ar"-like qualities regardless of tones. All other instances of r-colored vowels are a result of erhua being applied to originally non-r-colored syllables. ==Rules in Standard Mandarin== The basic rules controlling the surface pronunciation of erhua are as follows: *Coda * * and are deleted. * * and are deleted, but the rhotic becomes labialized and nasalized respectively. *Main vowel * * and become glides and have a added. * * and become * *, (in the diphthongs and ), (in the rime ) and become * * becomes . Following the rules that coda () and () are deleted, noted above, the finals in the syllables 把儿 (bàr), 伴儿 (bànr) 盖儿 (gàir) are all the same; they are all (). The final in 趟儿 (tàngr) is similar but nasalized, because of the rule that the () is deleted and the rhotic is nasalized. Because of the third rule, that () and () become glides and have a () added, the finals of 气儿 (qìr) and 劲儿 (jìnr) are both (), and 裙儿 (qúnr) and 驴儿 (lǘr) are both (). Since the final () changes to (), the finals in 事儿 (shìr) and 字儿 (zìr) are the same as 妹儿 (mèir) and 份儿 (fènr), which are both also (). Because () in the final () changes to (), and the coda () is deleted, 家儿 (jiār) sounds the same as 尖儿 (jiānr), and 下儿 (xiàr) sounds the same as 馅儿 (xiànr). Similarly, the () in () also becomes (), so the final of 圈儿 (quānr) changes to (). The following chart shows how the finals from the above chart are affected by the addition of this suffix: The behavior of retroflexed finals provides some evidence for the phonemic analysis of main vowels. The fact that and become and confirms their analysis as and (rather than and ), and the differing behavior of and suggests that these should not be merged (contrary to Pinyin). The behavior of and , however, is problematic, since it suggests that they should not be merged, contrary to most analyses. (An alternative, consistent with retroflex behavior, would be to merge and as a single phoneme, and maintain as a separate phoneme occurring only in a single final. Some evidence for this comes from standard Beijing pronunciation, where and are simple vowels but is actually a diphthong .) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「erhua」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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