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estimation
Estimation (or estimating) is the process of finding an estimate, or approximation, which is a value that is usable for some purpose even if input data may be incomplete, uncertain, or unstable. The value is nonetheless usable because it is derived from the best information available.〔C. Lon Enloe, Elizabeth Garnett, Jonathan Miles, ''Physical Science: What the Technology Professional Needs to Know'' (2000), p. 47.〕 Typically, estimation involves "using the value of a statistic derived from a sample to estimate the value of a corresponding population parameter".〔Raymond A. Kent, "Estimation", ''Data Construction and Data Analysis for Survey Research'' (2001), p. 157.〕 The sample provides information that can be projected, through various formal or informal processes, to determine a range most likely to describe the missing information. An estimate that turns out to be incorrect will be an overestimate if the estimate exceeded the actual result,〔James Tate, John Schoonbeck, ''Reviewing Mathematics'' (2003), page 27: "An overestimate is an estimate you know is greater than the exact answer".〕 and an underestimate if the estimate fell short of the actual result.〔James Tate, John Schoonbeck, ''Reviewing Mathematics'' (2003), page 27: "An underestimate is an estimate you know is less than the exact answer".〕
== How estimation is done ==
Estimation is often done by sampling, which is counting a small number of examples something, and projecting that number onto a larger population.〔 An example of estimation would be determining how many candies of a given size are in a glass jar. Because the distribution of candies inside the jar may vary, the observer can count the number of candies visible through the glass, consider the size of the jar, and presume that a similar distribution can be found in the parts that can not be seen, thereby making an estimate of the total number of candies that could be in the jar if that presumption were true. Estimates can similarly be generated by projecting results from polls or surveys onto the entire population.
In making an estimate, the goal is often most useful to generate a range of possible outcomes that is precise enough to be useful, but not so precise that it is likely to be inaccurate.〔 For example, in trying to guess the number of candies in the jar, if fifty were visible, and the total volume of the jar seemed to be about twenty times as large as the volume containing the visible candies, then one might simply project that there were a thousand candies in the jar. Such a projection, intended to pick the single value that is believed to be closest to the actual value, is called a point estimate.〔 However, a point estimation is likely to be incorrect, because the sample size - in this case, the number of candies that are visible - is too small a number to be sure that it does not contain anomalies that differ from the population as a whole.〔 A corresponding concept is an interval estimate, which captures a much larger range of possibilities, but is too broad to be useful.〔 For example, if one were asked to estimate the percentage of people who like candy, it would clearly be correct that the number falls between zero and one hundred percent.〔 Such an estimate would provide no guidance, however, to somebody who is trying to determine how many candies to buy for a party to be attended by a hundred people.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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