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estrogen
Estrogen or oestrogen (see spelling differences) is the primary female sex hormone and is responsible for development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. Estrogen may also refer to any substance, natural or synthetic that mimics the effects of the natural hormone.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=50114 )〕 The steroid 17β-estradiol is the most potent and prevalent endogenous estrogen, but several metabolites of estradiol also have estrogenic hormonal activity. Synthetic estrogens are used as part of some oral contraceptives, in estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal women, and in hormone replacement therapy for trans women.
The name estrogen comes from the Greek ' (oistros), literally meaning "verve or inspiration" but figuratively sexual passion or desire,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Greek Word Study Tool: oistros )〕 and the suffix ''-gen'', meaning "producer of".
Like all steroid hormones, estrogens readily diffuse across the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, they bind to and activate estrogen receptors (ERs) which in turn modulate the expression of many genes. Additionally, estrogens bind to and activate rapid-signaling membrane estrogen receptors (mERs), such as GPER (GPR30).
Estrogens are synthesized in all vertebrates as well as some insects. Their presence in both vertebrates and insects suggests that estrogenic sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history. Quantitatively, estrogens circulate at lower levels than androgens in both men and women.
==Types==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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