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Ethnography (from Greek ''ethnos'' "folk, people, nation" and ''grapho'' "I write") is the systematic study of people and cultures. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study. An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group. The word can thus be said to have a "double meaning," which partly depends on whether it is used as a count noun or uncountably.〔("Technical definition of ethnography" ), ''American Ethnography''〕 The resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group.〔Geertz, C. (1973). Thick description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture.〕〔In ''The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays'' (pp. 3-30). New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers〕〔Philipsen, G. (1992). ''Speaking Culturally: Explorations in Social Communication.'' Albany, New York: State University of New York Press〕 Ethnography, as the presentation of empirical data on human societies and cultures, was pioneered in the biological, social, and cultural branches of anthropology, but it has also become popular in the social sciences in general—sociology,〔("Ethnology" at ''dictionary.com'' ).〕 communication studies, history—wherever people study ethnic groups, formations, compositions, resettlements, social welfare characteristics, materiality, spirituality, and a people's ethnogenesis. The typical ethnography is a holistic study〔Ember, Carol and Melvin Ember, ''Cultural Anthropology'' (Prentice Hall, 2006), chapter one.〕〔Heider, Karl. ''Seeing Anthropology''. 2001. Prentice Hall, Chapters One and Two.〕 and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the terrain, the climate, and the habitat. In all cases it should be reflexive, make a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the social life of humans, have an aesthetic impact on the reader, and express a credible reality. An ethnography records all observed behavior and describes all symbol-meaning relations, using concepts that avoid causal explanations. ==History and meaning== The word 'Ethnography' is derived from the Greek ''ἔθνος'' (ethnós), meaning "a company, later a people, nation" and '-graphy meaning "field of study". Ethnographic studies focus on large cultural groups of people who interact over time. Ethnography is a qualitative design, where the researcher explains about shared learnt patterns of values, behaviour, beliefs, and language of a culture shared by a group of people. The field of anthropology originated from Europe and England designed in late 19th century. It spread its roots to the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. Some of the main contributors like E.B Taylor (1832-1917) from Britain and Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881), an American scientist were considered as founders of cultural and social dimensions. Franz Boas (1858-1942), Bronislaw Malinowski (1858—1942), Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead (1901-1978), were a group of researchers from United States who contributed the idea of cultural relativism to the literature. Boas's approach focused on the utilization of documents and informants, whereas, Malinowski stated that a researcher should be engrossed with the work for long periods in the field and do a participant observation by living with the informant and experiencing their way of life. He gives the view point of the native and this became the origin of field work and field methods. Since Malinowski was very firm with his approach he applied it practically and travelled to Trobriand Island which was located off the eastern coast of New Guinea. He was interested in learning the language of the islanders and stayed there for a long time doing his field work. The field of ethnography became very popular in the late 19th century, as many social scientists gained an interest in studying modern society. Again, in the latter part of the 19th century, the field of anthropology became a good support for scientific formation. Though the field was flourishing it had a lot of threat to encounter. Post colonialism, the research climate shifted towards post-modernism and feminism. Therefore, the field of anthropology moved into discipline of social science. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ethnography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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