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ethnomethodology
Ethnomethodology is the study of methods people use for understanding and producing the social order in which they live.〔Garfinkel, H. (1974) 'The origins of the term ethnomethodology', in R. Turner (Ed.) Ethnomethodology, Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp 15-18.〕 It generally seeks to provide an alternative to mainstream sociological approaches to research and theorising.〔Garfinkel, H. (1984) Studies in Ethnomethodology, Polity Press, Cambridge.〕 In its most radical form, it poses a challenge to the social sciences as a whole.〔Garfinkel, H. (2002) ''Ethnomethodology’s Program: Working out Durkheim’s Aphorism'', Rowman & Littleford, Lanham.〕 On the other hand, its early investigations led to the founding of conversation analysis, which has found its own place as an accepted discipline within the academy. According to Psathas, it is possible to distinguish five major approaches within the ethnomethodological family of disciplines.〔Psathas, G. (1995) ‘‘Talk and Social Structure’ and ‘Studies of Work’’, in Human Studies, 18: 139-155.〕
Ethnomethodology provides methods which have been used in ethnographic studies to produce accounts of people's methods for negotiating everyday situations.〔Randall Collins, Michael Makowsky (1978). The discovery of society. London: Random House. Page 232〕 It is a fundamentally descriptive discipline which does not engage in the explanation or evaluation of the particular social order undertaken as a topic of study.〔Wes W. Sharrock, Bob Anderson, R. J. Anderson (1986) The ethnomethodologists. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-85312-949-5. Page 18〕 However, applications have been found within many applied disciplines, such as software design and management studies.〔Rooke, J. & Seymour, D. (2005) ‘Studies of Work: Achieving Hybrid Disciplines in IT Design and Management Studies’, Human Studies 28(2):205-221. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/642〕
==Definition==
The term's etymology can be broken down into its three constituent parts: ethno - method - ology, for the purpose of explanation. Using an appropriate Southern California example: ethno refers to a particular socio-cultural group (a particular, localized community of surfers ); method refers to the methods and practices this particular group employs in its everyday activities (to surfing ); and ology refers to the systematic description of these methods and practices. The focus of the investigation used in our example is the social order of surfing, the ethnomethodological interest is in the "how" (methods and practices ) of the production and maintenance of this social order. In essence ethnomethodology attempts to create classifications of the social actions of individuals within groups through drawing on the experience of the groups directly, without imposing on the setting the opinions of the researcher with regards to social order, as is the case with sociological studies.〔Michael Lynch, Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action: Ethnomethodology and Social Studies of Science, Cambridge UP, 1993.〕
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