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Exceptionalism is the perception that a country, society, institution, movement, or time period is "exceptional" (''i.e.'', unusual or extraordinary) in some way and thus does not need to conform to normal rules or general principles. Although the idea appears to developed with respect to an era, today the term is particularly applied to national or regional exceptionalism. Other uses are rarer in the present day. ==History== The German romantic philosopher-historians, especially Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) and Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814), dwelt on the theme of uniqueness in the late 18th century. They de-emphasized the political state and instead emphasized the uniqueness of the ''Volk'', comprising the whole people, their languages and traditions. Each nation, considered as a cultural entity with its own distinctive history, possessed a "national spirit", or "soul of the people" (in German: ''Volksgeist''). This idea had a strong influence in the growth of nationalism in 19th-century European lands — especially in ones ruled by élites from somewhere else.〔Royal J. Schmidt, "Cultural Nationalism in Herder," ''Journal of the History of Ideas,'' Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jun., 1956), pp. 407-417 (in JSTOR ) 〕〔 Hans Kohn, "The Paradox of Fichte's Nationalism," ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol. 10, No. 3 (Jun., 1949), pp. 319-343 (in JSTOR ) 〕 Claims of exceptionality have been made for many countries, including France, Germany, India, Pakistan, Imperial Japan, Iran, North Korea, Spain, Britain, the United States, the USSR, the EU and Thailand.〔http://nolte.rewi.hu-berlin.de/doc/pub/European_Exceptionalism.pdf〕 Historians have added many other cases, including historic empires such as China, the Ottoman Empire, and ancient Rome, along with a wide range of minor kingdoms in history.〔See Christopher K. Chase-Dunn, Thomas D. Hall, and E. Susan Manning, "Rise and Fall: East-West Synchronicity and Indic Exceptionalism Reexamined," ''Social Science History,'' Volume 24, Number 4, Winter 2000, pp. 727-754 (in Project Muse )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「exceptionalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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