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extinguishment
Extinguishment is the destruction of a right or contract.〔 Rawle, Francis; Bouvier, John. (1914) Bouvier's Law Dictionary and Concise Encyclopedia ''(Extinguishment. )'' Pp. 1166-1167. 3rd revision (being the 8th ed.) Vernon Law Book Co. ; St. Paul, Minnesota. Publisher: West Publishing Company. 3 vols.〕 If the subject of the contract is destroyed (such as through merging the contract subject and the contract obligation), then the contract may be made void.〔 Extinguishment occurs in a variety of contracts, such as land contracts (common, copyhold), debts, rents, and right of ways.〔 A right may be extinguished by nullifing that right or, in the case of a debt, discharged by payment in full or through settlement.〔Dictionary.com (2008) ''(Extinguishment. )'' Accessed June 16, 2008〕
An extinguishment may be by matter of fact and by matter of law.〔 If a creditor receives satisfaction and full payment of a debt and the creditor releases the debtor, then that is express extinguishment by matter of fact.〔 If a person is renting land and subsequently becomes the owner of that same land by purchase or descent, the rent is extinguished through implied extinguishment by matter of fact.〔
There are numerous situations where a claim is extinguished by operation of law.〔 If two persons are jointly but not severally liable for a simple contract debt, a judgment at common law obtained against only one of the debtors works as an extinguishment of the claim on the other debtor as a matter of law.〔 A conveyance of mortgaged land by the mortgagor to the mortgagee extinguishes the mortgage.〔 However taking a promissory note for the amount due on the mortgage does not deprive the mortgage holder of a right to a lien, but merely suspends its enforcement until the note is payable.〔
==Extinguishment of common==
Common land (a common), in England and Wales and the United States, is a piece of land owned by one person, but over which other people can exercise certain traditional rights, such as allowing their livestock to graze upon it.〔 If the owner of the common right becomes the owner of the fee simple estate, then the common right becomes extinguished.〔 If the crop or other item over which there is a common right is severed from the land, then the common right becomes extinguished.〔 Other situations in which the common right becomes extinguished include legal release and approvement (improvement of common lands, by inclosing and converting them to the uses of husbandry for the advantage of the lord of the manor.〔)
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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