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A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another. Factories arose with the introduction of machinery during the Industrial Revolution when the capital and space requirements became too great for cottage industry or workshops. Early factories that contained small amounts of machinery, such as one or two spinning mules, and fewer than a dozen workers have been called "glorified workshops". Most modern factories have large warehouses or warehouse-like facilities that contain heavy equipment used for assembly line production. Large factories tend to be located with access to multiple modes of transportation, with some having rail, highway and water loading and unloading facilities. Factories may either make discrete products or some type of material continuously produced such as chemicals, pulp and paper, or refined oil products. Factories manufacturing chemicals are often called ''plants'' and may have most of their equipment – tanks, pressure vessels, chemical reactors, pumps and piping – outdoors and operated from control rooms. Oil refineries have most of their equipment outdoors. Discrete products may be final consumer goods, or parts and sub-assemblies which are made into final products elsewhere. Factories may be supplied parts from elsewhere or make them from raw materials. Continuous production industries typically use heat or electricity to transform streams of raw materials into finished products. The term ''mill'' originally referred to the milling of grain, which usually used natural resources such as water or wind power until those were displaced by steam power in the 19th century. Because many processes like spinning and weaving, iron rolling, and paper manufacturing were originally powered by water, the term survives as in ''steel mill'', ''paper mill'', etc. ==History== Max Weber considered production during ancient times as never warranting classification as factories, with methods of production and the contemporary economic situation incomparable to modern or even pre-modern developments of industry. In ancient times, the earliest production limited to the household, developed into a separate endeavour independent to the place of inhabitation with production at that time only beginning to be characteristic of industry, termed as "unfree shop industry", a situation caused especially under the reign of the Egyptian pharaoh, with slave employment and no differentiation of skills within the slave group comparable to modern definitions as division of labour.〔John R. Love - (Antiquity and Capitalism: Max Weber and the Sociological Foundations of Roman Civilization ) Routledge, 25 April 1991 Retrieved 2012-07-12 ISBN 0415047501〕〔(secondary) JG Douglas, N Douglas - (Ancient Households of the Americas: Conceptualizing What Households Do ) O'Reilly Media, Inc., 15 April 2012 Retrieved 2012-07-12 ISBN 1457117444〕〔M Weber - (General Economic History ) Transaction Publishers, 1981 Retrieved 2012-07-12 ISBN 0878556907〕 According to translations of Demosthenes and Herodotus, Naucratis was a, or the only, factory in the entirety of ancient Egypt.〔Demosthenes, Robert Whiston - (Demosthenes, Volume 2 ) Whittaker and Company, 1868 Retrieved 2012-07-12〕〔Herodotus, George Rawlinson - (''History of Herodotus'' ) John Murray 1862 Retrieved 2012-07-12〕〔(secondary) (E.Hughes ed) Oxford Companion to Philosophy - ''techne''〕 A source of 1983 (Hopkins), states the largest factory production in ancient times was of 120 slaves within 4th century BC Athens.〔(P Garnsey, K Hopkins, C. R. Whittaker) (- ''Trade in the Ancient Economy'' ) University of California Press, 1983 Retrieved 2012-07-12 ISBN 0520048032〕 An article within the New York Times article dated 13 October 2011 states: ... discovered at Blombos Cave, a cave on the south coast of South Africa where 100,000-year-old tools and ingredients were found with which early modern humans mixed an ochre-based paint. Although The ''Cambridge Online Dictionary'' definition of factory states: elsewhere: The first machine is stated by one source to have been traps used to assist with the capturing of animals, corresponding to the machine as a mechanism operating independently or with very little force by interaction from a human, with a capacity for use repeatedly with operation exactly the same on every occasion of functioning.〔E Bautista Paz, M Ceccarelli, J Echávarri Otero, JL Muñoz Sanz - (A Brief Illustrated History of Machines and Mechanisms ) Springer, 12 May 2010 Retrieved 2012-07-12 ISBN 9048125111〕 The wheel was invented ''circa'' 3000 BC, the spoked wheel c.2000 BC. The Iron Age began approximately 1200-1000 BC.〔JW Humphrey - (Ancient Technology ) Greenwood Publishing Group, 30 Sep 2006 Retrieved 2012-07-12 ISBN 0313327637〕〔WJ Hamblin - (Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History ) Taylor & Francis, 12 April 2006 Retrieved 2012-07-12 ISBN 0415255880〕 Archaeology provides a date for the earliest city as 5000 BC as Tell Brak (Ur ''et al.'' 2006), therefore a date for cooperation and factors of demand, by an increased community size and population to make something like factory level production a conceivable necessity.〔Ur, J ''et al'' 2007 - (Early Mesopotamian Urbanism : A new view from the North ) Harvard University Retrieved 2012-07-12〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Understanding the Role of Production and Craft Specialization in Ancient ... - Kyle Andrew Knabb - Google Books )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ancient Cities )〕 According to one text the water-mill was first made in 555 A.D. by Belisarius,〔LAA Hope - (The Tablet of Memory: Showing every memorable event in History, from the earliest period to the year 1817 ) G. Wilkie, 1818 Retrieved 2012-07-12〕 although according to another they were known to Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius in the first century B.C. By the time of the 4th century A.D. mills with a capacity to grind 3 tonnes of cereal an hour, a rate sufficient to meet the needs of 80,000 persons, were in use by the Roman Empire.〔TK Derry, (TI Williams ed) - (A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900 ) Courier Dover Publications, 24 March 1993 Retrieved 2012-07-12 ISBN 0486274721〕〔A Pacey - (Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History ) MIT Press, 1 July 1991 Retrieved 2012-07-12 ISBN 0262660725〕〔WM Sumner - ''Cultural development in the Kur River Basin, Iran: an archaeological analysis of settlement patterns'' University of Pennsylvania., 1972 → () Retrieved 2012-07-12〕 The Venice Arsenal provides one of the first examples of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice, Republic of Venice, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, it mass-produced ships on assembly lines using manufactured parts. The Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day and, at its height, employed 16,000 people. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「factory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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