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A fakir, or faqir (; (アラビア語:فقیر) (noun of faqr)), derived from ''faqr'' ((アラビア語:فقر), "poverty"). The word 'fakir' refers to the one who is self-sufficient and only possesses the spiritual need for God. Faqirs are Muslim ascetics and Sufis who have taken vows of poverty and worship, renounce all relations and possessions. They willingly renounce their desires and surrender to the will of God and hence are not dependent on anyone except God. Faqirs are characterized by their attachment to ''dhikr'', (a practice of repeating the names of God, often performed after prayers)〔''A Prayer for Spiritual Elevation and Protection'' (2007) by Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi, Suha Taji-Farouki〕 and asceticism. Sufism gained adherents among a number of Muslims as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE〔 See Google (book search ).〕). The term may refer to a Muslim Sufi ascetic in the Middle East and South Asia. Though, Sufis have spanned several continents and cultures over a millennium, originally expressing their beliefs in Arabic, before spreading into Persian, Turkish, Indian languages and a dozen other languages.〔Michael Sells, Early Islamic Mysticism, pg. 1〕 The term has erroneously also been used to refer to Hindu and Buddhist ascetics (e.g., sadhus, gurus, swamis and yogis). These broader idiomatic usages developed primarily in the Mughal era in India. Calanus, a Hindu Naga sadhu of the 4th Century B.C., is often called a faqir by historians. There is also a distinct clan of faqirs found in North India, descended from communities of faqirs who took up residence at Sufi shrines. == History == During the 17th century, another noble and spirited Muslim scholar and saint, Sultan Bahoo, revolutionized Sufism and reinstated (with fresh properties) the definition of ''faqr'' and ''faqir''. Historically, the terms ''tasawwuf'', ''Sufism'', ''faqr'', and ''faqer'' (noun of ''faqr'') were first used (with full definition) by Husayn ibn Ali, who was the grandson of Muhammad. He wrote a book, ''Mirat ul Arfeen'', on this topic, which is said to be the first book on Sufism and tasawwuf. However, under Ummayad rule, neither could this book be published nor was it allowed to discuss tasawwuf, Sufism or faqr openly. For a long time, after Husayn ibn Ali, the information and teachings of faqr, tasawwuf and Sufism kept on transferring from heart to heart.〔''A brief history of Islam'' by Tamara Sonn, 2004, p60〕 In the 10th century, highly reputed Muslim Abdul-Qadir Gilani, who is the founder of Qadri silsila, which has the most followers in Muslim Sufism, elaborated Sufism, tasawwuf and faqr. In the 13th century, Ibn Arabi was the first vibrant Muslim scholar who not only started this discussion publicly but also wrote hundreds of books about Sufism, tasawwuf and faqr. In English, ''faqir'' or ''fakir'' originally meant a mendicant dervish. In mystical usage, the word ''fakir'' refers to man's spiritual need for God, who alone is self-sufficient. Although of Muslim origin, the term has come to be applied in India to Hindus as well, largely replacing gosvamin, sadhu, bhikku, and other designations. Fakirs are generally regarded as holy men who are possessed of miraculous powers. Among Muslims, the leading Sufi orders of fakirs are the Chishtiyah, Qadiriyah, Naqshbandiyah, and Suhrawardiyah.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Dictionary / Reference )〕 The Cambridge English Dictionary defines ''faqir'' as "a member of an Islamic religious group, or a holy man".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Dictionary of Cambridge )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「fakir」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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