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fallacy
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning for the construction of an argument.〔, ''The A to Z of Logic'' (2010:p74). Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 9780810875968〕〔, ''(The Death of Argument )'' (2004). Applied Logic Series Volume 32, pp 3-23. ISBN 9789048167005〕 A fallacious argument may be deceptive by appearing to be better than it really is. Some fallacies are committed intentionally to manipulate or persuade by deception, while others are committed unintentionally due to carelessness or ignorance.
Fallacies are commonly divided into "formal" and "informal". A formal fallacy can be expressed neatly in a standard system of logic, such as propositional logic,〔 while an informal fallacy originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper logical form.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Informal Fallacies, Northern Kentucky University )〕 Arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally valid, but still fallacious.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The University of Tennessee at Martin )〕
==Formal fallacy==
(詳細はdeductive argument does not imply anything about the argument's premises or its conclusion. Both may actually be true, or may even be more probable as a result of the argument; but the deductive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises in the manner described. By extension, an argument can contain a formal fallacy even if the argument is not a deductive one: for instance, an inductive argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or causality can be said to commit a formal fallacy.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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