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farang
''Farang'' ((タイ語:ฝรั่ง) (:faràŋ)) is a generic Thai word for someone of European ancestry, no matter where they may come from. The ''Royal Institute Dictionary 1999'', the official dictionary of Thai words, defines the word as "a person of white race".
Edmund Roberts, US envoy in 1833, defined the term as "Frank (or European)." People of mixed African-European descent were called ''farang dam'' ((タイ語:ฝรั่งดำ); 'black farang') to distinguish them from white people. This began during the Vietnam War, when the United States military maintained bases in Thailand. The practice continues in present-day Bangkok.〔Eromosele, Diana Ozemebhoya. Being Black in Thailand: We’re Treated Better Than Africans, and Boy Do We Hate It. The Root. 2015-05-26. URL:http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2015/05/black_in_thailand_we_re_treated_better_than_africans_and_boy_do_we_hate.html. Accessed: 2015-05-26. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6YpQxWRbF〕
==Etymology and related words==
The word ''farang'' may have originated with the Persian word ''farang'' () or ''farangī'' (), meaning "Frank, European". This in turn comes from the Old French word ', meaning "Frank", a West Germanic tribe that became a political power in Central Europe during the early Middle Ages, and from which France derives its name. Because the Frankish Empire ruled a large part of Europe (France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Low Countries) for centuries, all Europeans and even Middle Easterners associated the word "Frank" with Latins who professed the Roman Catholic faith. ''Frangistan'' ((ペルシア語:فرنگستان)) was a term used by Muslims and Persians in particular, during the Middle Ages and later periods, to refer to Western or Latin Europe.
According to Rashid al-din Fazl Allâh, ''farang'' comes from the Arabic word ''afranj''.〔Karl Jahn (ed.) Histoire Universelle de Rasid al-Din Fadl Allah Abul=Khair: I. Histoire des Francs (Texte Persan avec traduction et annotations), Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1951. (Source: M. Ashtiany)〕 In Ethiopia ''faranj'' means white/European people. In either case, the original word was pronounced ''paranki'' (പറങ്കി) in Malayalam, ''parangiar'' in Tamil, entered Khmer as ''barang'', and Malay as ''ferenggi''. From there the term spread into China as ''folangji'' (佛郎機), which was used to refer to the Portuguese and their breech-loading swivel guns when they first arrived in China.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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