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Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism〔〔 that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Influenced by national syndicalism, fascism originated in Italy during World War I, in opposition to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism. Fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.〔〔 Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war.〔〔Michael Mann. Fascists. Cambridge University Press, 2004. p. 65.〕 The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines or provide economic production and logistics to support those on the front lines, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.〔〔 Fascists view World War I as having made liberal democracy obsolete, and regard total mobilization of society under a totalitarian single-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties.〔John Horne. State, Society and Mobilization in Europe During the First World War. P. 237-239.〕 Such a state is led by a strong leader — such as a dictator and a martial government composed of the members of the governing fascist party — to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society.〔 Fascism rejects assertions of violence automatically being negative in nature and views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation.〔〔〔Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. p. 106.〕〔Jackson J. Spielvogel. ''Western Civilization''. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012. p. 935.〕 Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the principal goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies.〔 Following World War II, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist, and the term is usually used pejoratively by political opponents. The terms ''neo-fascist'' or ''post-fascist'' are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements. ==Etymology== The Italian term ''fascismo'' derives from ''fascio'' meaning a bundle of rods, ultimately from the Latin word ''fasces''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title =Definition of FASCISM )〕 This was the name given to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates and at first applied mainly to organisations on the Left. In 1919, in Milan, Mussolini founded the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento—which, in 1921, became the ''Partito Nazionale Fascista'' (National Fascist Party). The Fascists came to associate the name with the ancient Roman fasces or ''fascio littorio''〔Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta, ''Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy'' University of California Press (2000), p.95〕—a bundle of rods tied around an axe, an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrate carried by his lictors, which could be used for corporal and capital punishment at his command.〔〔 The symbolism of the fasces suggested ''strength through unity'': a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break.〔 Similar symbols were developed by different fascist movements: for example the Falange symbol is five arrows joined together by a yoke.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「fascism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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