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Fear is an emotion induced by a threat perceived by living entities, which causes a change in brain and organ function and ultimately a change in behavior, such as running away, hiding or freezing from traumatic events. Fear may occur in response to a specific stimulus happening in the present, or to a future situation, which is perceived as risk to health or life, status, power, security, or, in the case of humans, wealth or anything held valuable. The fear response arises from the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or escape from/avoiding the threat (also known as the fight-or-flight response), which in extreme cases of fear (horror and terror) can be a freeze response or paralysis. In humans and animals, fear is modulated by the process of cognition and learning. Thus fear is judged as rational or appropriate and irrational or inappropriate. An irrational fear is called a phobia. Psychologists such as John B. Watson, Robert Plutchik, and Paul Ekman have suggested that there is only a small set of basic or innate emotions and that fear is one of them. This hypothesized set includes such emotions as joy, sadness, fright, dread, horror, panic, anxiety, acute stress reaction and anger. Fear is closely related to, but should be distinguished from, the emotion "anxiety", which occurs as the result of threats that are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable.〔Öhman, A. (2000). "Fear and anxiety: Evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives". In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.). ''Handbook of emotions''. pp. 573–593. New York: The Guilford Press.〕 The fear response serves survival by generating appropriate behavioral responses, so it has been preserved throughout evolution. ==Etymology== The noun "fear" stems from the Middle English words ''feer'', ''fere'' and ''fer'', the Old English ''fǣr'' for "calamity" or "danger" (and its verb ''fǣran'', "frighten", but also "revere") and is related to the Proto-Germanic ''fērą'', "danger", the Proto-Indo-European '' *per'', "to attempt, try, research, risk". In German the word for "danger" is ''Gefahr'', in Dutch ''gevaar'', in Swedish ''fara'', in Albanian ''frikë'', and in Latin ''perīculum'', which is the root for the term in the Romanic languages. As a noun "fear" can be used in three ways with different meanings: In the uncountable form fear is a strong, uncontrollable and unpleasant emotion caused by actual or perceived danger, e.g. "He was struck by fear on seeing the snake." In the countable form, and when used with the indefinite article, a "fear" means a phobia, a sense of fear induced by something or someone, e.g. "Not everybody has the same fears; I have a fear of ants." In an uncountable form it can also mean extreme veneration or awe, as toward a supreme being or deity.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「fear」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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