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fellah
Fellah ((アラビア語:فلاح), fallāḥ) (plural ''Fellaheen'' or ''Fellahin'', , fallāḥīn) is a peasant, farmer or agricultural laborer in the Middle East and North Africa. The word derives from the Arabic word for ''ploughman'' or ''tiller''.
A fellahin could be seen wearing a simple cotton robe called ''galabieh''. The word ''Galabieh'' originated around 1715–25 and derived from the Egyptian Arabic word ''gallabīyah''.
==Origins and usage==
Fellahin was the term used throughout the Middle East in the Ottoman period and later to refer to villagers and farmers. Nur-eldeen Masalha translates it as "peasants," although Palestinian anthropologist Nasser Abufarha says that translation misrepresents Palestinian fellahin society, because traditional European usage refers to someone who does not own the land they farm, whereas the fellahin of Palestine own the land, and the means of production, together.
Fellahin were distinguished from the ''effendi,'' or, land-owning class,〔''State Lands and Rural Development in mandatory Palestine, 1920–1948'', Warwick P. N. Tyler, Sussex Academic Press, 2001, p. 13〕 although the fellahin in this region might be tenant farmers, smallholders, or live in a village that owned the land communally.〔Hillel Cohen, Army of Shadows, Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948, University of California Press, 2008, p. 32〕〔''Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920–1947'', Sandra Marlene Sufian, University of Chicago Press, 2007, p. 57〕 Others applied the term ''fellahin'' only to landless workers.〔Lords of the Lebanese Marches: Violence and Narrative in an Arab Society, Michael Gilsenan, I.B.Tauris, 2003, p. 13〕 The term ''fallahin'' applied to Christian, Druze, Jewish and Muslim villagers. The term ''fallah'' was applied to people from several regions in the Middle East, including those of Egypt and Cyprus.
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