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Football refers to a number of sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' is understood to refer to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears: association football (known as soccer in some countries) in the United Kingdom; gridiron football (specifically American football or Canadian football) in the United States and Canada; Australian rules football or rugby league in different areas of Australia; Gaelic football in Ireland; and rugby football (specifically rugby union) in New Zealand.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Editorial: Soccer – or should we say football – must change )〕 These different variations of football are known as football codes. Various forms of football can be identified in history, often as popular peasant games. Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/wallabies.html#3 )〕 The expanse of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside of the directly controlled Empire, though by the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage. In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. During the twentieth century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world. == Common elements == The various codes of football share certain common elements. Players in American football, Canadian football, rugby union and rugby league take up positions in a limited area of the field at the start of the game. They tend to use throwing and running as the main ways of moving the ball, and only kick on certain limited occasions. Body tackling is a major skill, and games typically involve short passages of play of 5–90 seconds.〔 Association football, Australian rules football and Gaelic football tend to use kicking to move the ball around the pitch, with handling more limited. Body tackles are less central to the game, and players are freer to move around the field (''offside'' laws are typically less strict).〔 Common rules among the sports include: * Two ''teams'' of usually between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are also popular. * A clearly defined area in which to play the game. * ''Scoring'' ''goals'' or ''points'', by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line. * Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two ''goalposts''. * The goal or line being ''defended'' by the opposing team. * Players being required to move the ball—depending on the code—by kicking, carrying, or hand-passing the ball. * Players using only their body to move the ball. In all codes, common skills include passing, tackling, evasion of tackles, catching and kicking.〔 In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players ''offside'', and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a ''crossbar'' between the goalposts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「football」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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