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forced heirship
Forced heirship is a form of testate partible inheritance whereby the estate of a deceased (''de cujus'') is separated into (1) an indefeasible portion, the ''forced estate'' (Germ ''Pflichtteil'', Fr ''réserve'', It, ''legittima'', Sp ''legítima''), passing to the deceased's next-of-kin〔Persons closely related to the deceased, namely parents, spouse, or children. See C.G. Van der Merwe, Jacques Du Plessis, eds., ''Introduction to the Law of South Africa'' (The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2004), 172.〕 (''conjunctissimi''), and (2) a discretionary portion, or ''free estate'' (Germ ''frei verfügbare Quote'', Fr ''quotité disponible'', It ''quota disponible'', Sp ''tercio de libre disposición''), to be freely disposed of by will. Forced heirship is generally a feature of civil-law legal systems which do not recognize total freedom of testation. Normally, the deceased's estate is in-gathered and wound up without discharging liabilities, which means accepting inheritance includes accepting the liabilities attached to inherited property. The forced estate is divided into shares which include the share of issue (legitime or child's share) and the spousal share. This provides a minimum protection that cannot be defeated by will. The free estate, on the other hand, is at the discretion of a testator to be distributed by will on death to whomever he or she chooses.〔http://books.google.com/books?id=2D9ff7T028oC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=forced+heirship&source=web&ots=0yfaccEvOs&sig=1Z-9RdQ2UGLvLhOgGxjB98p2eCU#PPA53,M1〕 Takers in the forced estate are known as ''forced heirs'' (Germ ''Pflichtteilserben'', ''Noterben'', Fr ''réservataires'', It ''legittimari'', Sp ''herederos forzosos'').
The expression comes from Louisianan legal language and is ultimately borrowed from Spanish ''sucesión forzosa''.
==Overview==
Forced heirship laws are most prevalent among civil law jurisdictions and in Islamic countries; these include major countries such as France, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Japan, and most other countries in the world. Reckoning shares in instances of multiple or no children and lack of surviving spouse vary from country to country.
Advocates of forced heirship contend that it is perfectly proper for testators to be required to make adequate provision for their dependents, and that most countries in the world permit wills to be varied where they would leave dependents destitute. Critics suggest that there is a great difference between varying wills to the minimum degree to provide sufficient financial support for dependents and prohibiting the testator from distributing the estate or a proportion of the estate to any female children, or younger male children, and that it cannot be any less repugnant to force a deceased person to distribute their assets in a certain manner on their death than it would be to tell them how they may do so during their lifetime.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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