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* *''Frauwaz'' (Old High German ''frô'' for earlier ''frôjo, frouwo'', Old Saxon ''frao, frōio'', Gothic ''frauja'', Old English ''frēa'', Old Norse ''freyr''), feminine *''Frawjōn'' (OHG ''frouwa'', Old Saxon ''frūa'', Old English ''frōwe'', Goth. *''fraujō'', Old Norse ''freyja'') is a Common Germanic honorific meaning "lord", "lady", especially of deities. The epithet came to be taken as the proper name of two separate deities in Norse mythology, Freyr and Freyja. In both Old Norse and Old High German the female epithet became a female honorific "lady", in German ''Frau'' further weakened to the standard address "Mrs." and further to the normal word for "woman", replacing earlier ''wîp'' (English ''wife'') and ''qinô'' (English ''queen'') "woman". Just like Norse ''Freyja'' is usually interpreted as a hypostasis of '' *Frijjō'' (Frigg), Norse ''Freyr'' is associated with ''Ingwaz'' (Yngvi) based on the Ynglingasaga which names ''Yngvi-Freyr'' as the ancestor of the kings of Sweden, which as Common Germanic '' *Ingwia-fraujaz'' would have designated the "lord of the Ingvaeones. Both Freyr and Freyja are represented zoomorphically by the pig: Freyr has ''Gullinbursti'' ("golden bristles") while Freyjahas ''Hildisvíni'' has ("battle-pig"), and one of Freyja's many names is ''Syr'', i.e. "sow". The term's etymology is ultimately from a PIE '' *pro-w-(y)o-s'', containing '' *pro-'' "in front" (c.f. ''first'', ''Fürst'' and Sanskrit ''purohita'' "high priest", lit. "placed foremost or in front").〔Pokorny (1959): '' *prō̆-u̯o-'' in Sanskrit ''pravaṇā-'' "forward, slope", Greek "sloping forward"; perhaps Latin ''prōvincia'' from an unattested '' *prōu̯iōn'' "lord, lordship"; OCS ''pravъ'' "right, just" (" *straight"); cf. Garrett S. Olmsted, ''The Gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans'' (1994), p. 80; Gerhard Köbler, ''Gotisches Wörterbuch'' (1989) ISBN 978-90-04-09128-3, p. 165.〕 Variants indicate ''n''-stems '' *fraujan-'', '' *frōwōn-''. The feminine *''frawjōn'' "lady, ''domina''" in Old English is attested only in a single isolated occurrence as ''frēo'' "woman" in the translation of the fragmentary Old Saxon ''Genesis'' poem, in the alliterating phrase ''frēo fægroste'' "fairest of women".〔OE Genesis B 457 ''Oððæt he Adam on eorðrice, godes handgesceaft, gearone funde, wislice geworht, and his wif somed, freo fægroste.''〕 The stem was confused from early times with '' *frīj-'', which has variants ''frēo-, frīo-, frēa-'' (a contraction of '' *īj-'' and a following back vowel) beside a less frequent ''frīg-'' (/fri:j-/), by development of a glide between ''ī'' and a following front vowel. The two forms would originally have figured in complementary distribution within the same paradigm (e.g. masculine nominative singular ''frēo'', masculine genitive singular ''frīges''), but in attested Old English analogical forms are already present and the distribution is no longer complementary〔OED s.v. "free"; A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §410.〕 For Old Norse, Snorri says that ''freyja'' is a ''tignarnafn'' (name of honour) derived from the goddess, that grand ladies, ''rîkiskonur'', are ''freyjur''. The goddess should be in Swed. ''Fröa'', Dan. ''Fröe''; the Swed. folk-song of Thor's hammer calls Freyja ''Froijenborg'' (the Dan. ''Fridlefsborg''), a Danish one has already the foreign ''Fru''. Saxo is silent about this goddess and her father altogether; he would no doubt have named her ''Fröa''. The Second Merseburg Charm may have ''Frûa'' = ''Frôwa'' as the proper name of the goddess, although the word in question is difficult to read. In Germanic Christianity, the epithet became a name of God, translating , ''ラテン語:dominus'' (Gothic ''frauja'', Old English ''frēa'', Old High German ''frô'').〔Grimm in ''Teutonic Mythology'': "While the names of other heathen gods became an abomination to the christians, and a Gothic Vôdans or Thunrs would have grated harshly on the ear; this one expression, like the primitive ''guþ'' itself, could remain yet a long time without offence, and signify by turns the heavenly lord and an earthly one."〕 Old Norse ''Freyr'' would correspond to a Gothic *''fráus'' or *''fravis'', instead of which Ulfila has ''fráuja'' (gen. ''fráujins'') to translate , pointing to a proto-form '' *frawjaz'' in North Germanic, but a '' *frauwaz'' in West Germanic and Gothic. In Old High German, the full form *''frouwo'' was already lost, the writers preferring ''truhtîn'' and ''hêrro'' "lord". In the Old Low German, it survives in the vocative, as ''frô mîn!'' "my lord!" The Heliand has ''frô mîn the gôdo'', ''waldand frô mîn'', ''drohtîn frô mîn'', besides ''frôho'' (gen. ''frôhon'') and ''frâho'' (gen. ''frâhon''). Old English ''freá'' (gen. ''freán'', for ''freâan'', ''freâwan'') is more common in poetry, as in ''freá ælmihtig'' (Cædmon 1.9; 10.1), and it also forms compounds: ''âgendfreá'', ''aldorfreá'', ''folcfreá'' and even combines with ''dryhten'' (''freádryhten'', Cædm. 54.29, gen. ''freahdrihtnes', Beowulf 1585, dat. ''freodryhtne'' 5150). By the side of OHG ''frô'', there is found the indeclinable adjective ''frôno'', which, placed before or after substantives, imparts the notion of lordly, high and holy, as in ''der frône bote'' "the angel of the Lord", conspicuously avoiding the genitive singular ( *''frôin bote''). It survives in Modern German as ''Fron-'' in compounds such as ''Frondienst'' "socage", whence also a verb ''frönen''. Grimm attaches significance to the avoidance and the grammatical peculiarities of the lexeme in OHG: :"the reference to a higher being is unmistakable, and in the Middle ages there still seems to hang about the compounds with ''vrôn'' something weird, unearthly, a sense of old sacredness; this may account for the rare occurrence and the early disappearance of the OHG. ''frô'', and even for the grammatical immobility of ''frôno''; it is as though an echo of heathenism could still be detected in them." The word occurs in given names, such as Gothic Fráuja or Fráujila, OHG Frewilo, AS Wûscfreá〔possibly an old epithet of Woden; Grimm. "seems suitable to Wôden the god or lord of wishing"〕 Old English ''freáwine'' in Beowulf is an epithet of divine or god-loved heroes and kings, but Freáwine (Saxo's ''Frowinus'') is also attested as a personal name, reflected also as OHG ''Frôwin'', while the Edda has uses ''Freys vinr'' of Sigurðr and Saxo says of the Swedish heroes in the Bråvalla fight that they were ''Frö dei necessarii''. Skaldic fiörnis freyr, myrðifreyr'' (Kormakssaga) means "hero" or "man". In the same way the Kormakssaga uses fem. ''freyja'' in the sense "woman, lady". ==In Popular Culture== In Total War: Rome II, Fraujaz is one of the six principal deities of the Suebi, along with Thunaraz, Frijjō, Teiwaz, Wōdanaz and Austo. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「fraujaz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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