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' () is the historical Arabic term for knightly martial exercise during the Middle Ages, during the Crusades and Mamluk period in particular, especially concerned with the martial arts and equestrianism of the Golden Age of Islam. The body of Arabo-Persian "''Furūsiyya'' literature" includes the genre ''Faras-nāma'', which is an encyclopedic compilation of facts relating to horses. It was a concept and noble art that included the arts of war and hunting, equestrianism, tactics and strategy, and certain games like chess. This art was practiced throughout the Muslim world, and saw its greatest achievement in Mamluk Egypt during the 14th century. The term is a derivation of ' "horse", and in modern Standard Arabic means "equestrianism" in general.〔ultimately root ''frs'' "to crush, to break", apparently because of the horse's hooves crushing the ground. See Lane p. 2366f.〕 The term for "horseman" or "knight" is ' (also an Arabic given name, and the origin of the Spanish rank of Alférez). ==Disciplines of furusiyya== The three basic categories of ''furūsiyya'' are horsemanship (including veterinary aspects of proper care for the horse, the proper riding techniques), archery, and charging with the lance. Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya adds swordsmanship as a fourth discipline in his treatise ''Al-Furūsiyya'' (ca. 1350).〔 edited as ''Dar al-Kutub al-'Almiyya'', Cairo, 1976; and again by Nizam al-Din al-Fatih, Madina Munawwara: Maktaba Dar al-Turath, 1990. "Furusiyya covers four disciplines: the tactics of attack and withdrawal (al-karr wa-l-farr); archery; jousts with spears; duels with swords. () Only the Muslim conquerors and the knights of the faith have fully mastered these four arts."() (107, 25ff.)〕 In a narrow sense of the term, ''furūsiyya'' literature comprises works by professional military writers with a Mamluk background or close ties to the Mamluk establishment. These treatises often quote pre-Mamluk works on military strategy. Some of these works were versified for didactic purposes. The best known of these versified treatises is the one by Taybugha al-Baklamishi al-Yunani ("the Greek"), who in ca. 1368 wrote the poem ''al-tullab fi ma`rifat ramy al-nushshab''.〔ed. and trans. Latham and Paterson, London 1970〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「furusiyya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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