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Gabr ((ペルシア語:گبر)) (also ''geuber'', ''geubre'', ''gabrak'', ''gawr'', ''gaur'', ''gyaur'', ''gabre'') is a New Persian term originally used to denote a Zoroastrian. Historically, ''gabr'' was a technical term synonymous with ''mōg'', "magus", denoting a follower of Zoroastrianism, and it is with this meaning that the term is attested in very early New Persian texts such as the ''Shahnameh''. In time, ''gabr'' came to have a pejorative implication and was superseded in literature by the respectable ''Zardoshti'', "Zoroastrian". By the 13th century the word had come to be applied to a follower of any religion other than Islam, and it has "also been used by the Muslim Kurds, Turks, and some other ethnic groups in modified forms to denote various religious communities other than Zoroastrians, sometimes even in the sense of unbeliever." As a consequence of the curtailment of social rights, non-Muslims were compelled to live in restricted areas, which the Muslim populace referred to as ''Gabristan''s. In the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish version, giaur (also spelled "giaour" in English as a result of French influence), was used to refer to Christians. This is sometimes still used today in former Ottoman territories and carries a strong pejorative meaning. The etymology of the term is uncertain. "In all likelihood,"〔 ''gabr'' derives from the Aramaic ''gabrā'', spelt ''GBRʼ'', which – in written Middle Iranian languages – serves as an ideogram that would be read as an Iranian language word meaning "man." (for the use of ideograms in Middle Iranian languages, see ''Pahlavi scripts''). During the Sassanid era (226-651), the ideogram signified a free (i.e. non-slave) peasant of Mesopotamia. Following the collapse of the empire and the subsequent rise of Islam, it "seems likely that ''gabr'' used already in Sassanian times in reference to a section of Zoroastrian community in Mesopotamia, had been employed by the converted Persians in the Islamic period to indicate their Zoroastrian compatriots, a practice that later spread throughout the country."〔 It has also been suggested that ''gabr'' might be a mispronunciation of Arabic ''kafir'' "unbeliever," but this theory has been rejected on linguistic grounds both phonetic and semantic: "there is no unusual sound in ''kafir'' that would require phonetic modification",〔 and ''kafir'' as a generic word probably would not refer to a specific revealed religion such as Zoroastrianism.〔 ==See also== * Giaour, Turkish equivalent * ''Gabr'', meaning in Arabic = force * ''Algebra'' Andalusian variation of Arabic surname ''El-Gabr'', * ''Gabr Surname'', very popular in Arabia, especially Egypt in ''Gharbiya'' and ''Dakahlia'' governorates * ''majusi'', the Arabic word for a Zoroastrian. * ''Gabrōni'', a northwestern Iranian dialect which is used by Zoroastrians in Yazd and Kerman. * Zoroastrians in Iran * ''ajam'', "illiterate", non-Arab, Iranian * ''ahl al-Kitab'', "People of the Book" * ''dhimmi'', "protected" * ''kafir'', "unbeliever" * Irani * Magus 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「gabr」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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