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is Japanese for "loan word" or "borrowed word", and indicates a transliteration (or "transvocalization") into Japanese. In particular, the word usually refers to a Japanese word of foreign origin that was not borrowed in ancient times from Old or Middle Chinese, but in modern times, primarily from English or from other European languages. These are primarily written in the katakana phonetic script, with a few older terms written in Chinese characters (kanji); this latter is known as ateji. Japanese has a large number of loan words from Chinese, accounting for a sizeable fraction of the language. These words were borrowed during ancient times and are written in kanji. Modern Chinese loanwords are generally considered ''gairaigo'' and written in katakana, or sometimes written in Chinese and glossed with katakana furigana; pronunciation of modern Chinese loanwords generally differs from the corresponding usual pronunciation of the characters in Japanese. For a list of terms, see the List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms. == Source languages == Japanese has a long history of borrowing foreign languages. It has been borrowing foreign languages since late fourth century AD to recent years. Some ancient "gairaigo" words are still being used nowadays, but there are also many kind of "gairaigo" words borrowed currently from foreign countries. Most, but not all, modern ''gairaigo'' are derived from English, particularly in the post-World War II era (after 1945). Words are taken from English for concepts that do not exist in Japanese, but also for other reasons, such as a preference for English terms or fashionability – many ''gairaigo'' have Japanese synonyms. In the past, more ''gairaigo'' came from other languages besides English. The first period of borrowing foreign language occurred during the late fourth century AD, when a massive amount of Chinese characters were adopted. This period could be considered as one of the most significant history of "gairaigo", because it was the first moment when the written communication system, such as Kanji and Hiragana, were formed. The first non-Asian countries to have extensive contact with Japan were Portugal and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries, and Japanese has several loanwords from Portuguese and Dutch, many of which are still used. The interaction between Japan and Portugal began from the late middle age until the early Edo era. (1549-1638). An example of the loanwords from Portuguese is “Rasha”, meaning wool thick cloth that was indispensable in the ancient time, but not being used often in nowadays. In the Edo era (1603-1853), words from Dutch language started to have an impact in Japanese language such as Glass, gas, and alcohol. Also, during the Edo era, many medical words like Gaze and Neuroses came from German, and many artistic words such as rouge and Dessin came from French. Most of the Gairaigo since the nineteenth century came from English. In the Meiji era (late 19th to early 20th century), Japan also had extensive contact with Germany, and gained many loanwords from German, particularly for Western medicine, which the Japanese learned from the Germans. Notable examples include (often abbreviated to ) from German ''Arbeit'' ("work"), and from German ''Energie''. They also gained several loanwords from French at this time. In modern times, there are some borrowings from Modern Chinese and Modern Korean, particularly for food names, and these continue as new foods become popular in Japan; standard examples include 烏龍 ウーロン ''ūron'' "oolong (tea)" and キムチ ''kimuchi'' "kimchi", respectively, while more specialized examples include 回鍋肉 ホイコーロー ''hoikōrō'' "twice cooked pork" from Chinese, and トッポッキ ''toppokki'' "tteokbokki" from Korean. Chinese words are often represented with Chinese characters, but with katakana gloss to indicate the unusual pronunciation, while Korean words, which no longer regularly use Chinese characters (hanja), are represented in katakana. There is sometimes ambiguity in pronunciation of these borrowings, particularly voicing, such as ト ''to'' vs. ド ''do'' – compare English Taoism/Daoism. Some Modern Chinese borrowings occurred during the 17th and 18th centuries, due both to trade and resident Chinese in Nagasaki, and a more recent wave of Buddhist monks, the Ōbaku school, whose words are derived from languages spoken in Fujian. More recent Korean borrowings are influenced both by proximity, and to the substantial population of Koreans in Japan from the early 20th century. By the implication of borrowing foreign languages, in 1889, there were 85 Dutch origins "gairaigo" and 72 English origins "gairaigo" listed in a Japanese dictionary. Since 1911 to 1924, 51% of "gairaigo" listed in dictionaries were of English origin, and today, 80% to 90% of "gairaigo" are of English origin. ;Cognates In some cases, cognates or etymologically related words from different languages may be borrowed and sometimes used synonymously or sometimes used distinctly. The most common basic example is versus earlier , where they are used distinctly. A more technical example is (English sorbitol) versus (German ''Sorbit''), used synonymously. ;Calques In addition to borrowings, which adopted both meaning and pronunciation, Japanese also has an extensive set of calques, where a new word is crafted using existing morphemes to express a foreign term. These generally use Chinese characters and are known as ''wasei kango'' "Japanese-made Chinese words", corresponding to classical compounds in European languages. Many were coined in the Meiji period, and these are very common in medical terminology. These are not considered gairaigo, as the foreign word itself has not been borrowed, and sometimes a calque and a borrowing are both used. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「gairaigo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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