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Gaullism () is a French political stance based on the thought and action of Resistance leader (and later President) Charles de Gaulle.〔Serge Berstein, "Gaullism" in ''The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World'' (2d ed., ed. Joel Krieger), Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 307-08.〕 Serge Berstein writes that Gaullism is "neither a doctrine nor a political ideology" and cannot be considered either left or right.〔 Rather, "considering its historical progression, it is a pragmatic exercise of power that is neither free from contradictions nor of concessions to momentary necessity, even if the imperious word of the general gives to the practice of Gaullism the allure of a program that seems profound and fully realized."〔 Gaullism is "a peculiarly French phenomenon, without doubt the quintessential French political phenomenon of the twentieth century."〔 Lawrence D. Kritzman writes that Gaullism may be seen as a form of French patriotism in the tradition of Jules Michelet.〔Lawrence D. Kritzman, ''The Columbia History of Twentieth-century French Thought'' (Columbia University Press, 2006, eds. Lawrence D. Kritzman & Brian J. Reilly), pp. 51-54.〕 He writes: "Aligned on the political spectrum with the Right, Gaullism was committed nevertheless to the republican values of the Revolution, and so distanced itself from the particularist ambitions of the traditional Right and its xenophobic causes, Gaullism saw as its mission the affirmation of national sovereignty and unity, which was diametrically opposed to the divisiveness created by the leftist commitment to class struggle."〔 ==History== Berstein writes that Gaullism has progressed in multiple stages:〔 * The first phase (1940–45) occurred during World War II.〔 In this period, Gaullism is identified with those French who rejected the armistice with Nazi Germany and the Vichy colloboratists led by Philippe Pétain, and joined with General Charles de Gaulle and the Free French Forces, who sought to put France back in the war on the Allied side.〔 * In the second phase (1946–1958), Gaullism was a type of opposition to the Fourth French Republic. Gaullists in this period challenged the unstable parliamentary government of the Fourth Republic and advocated its replacement with "a president of the republic with preeminent constitutional powers."〔 * In the third phase (1958–69), "Gaullism was nothing other than the support given to the general's own politics after he returned to power in 1958 and served as president of the newly formed Fifth Republic from 1959 until his resignation in 1969."〔 Since 1969, Gaullism is used to describe those identified as heirs to de Gaulle's ideas.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「gaullism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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