|
''Geheimrat'' was the title of the highest advising officials at the Imperial, royal or principal courts of the Holy Roman Empire, who jointly formed the ''Geheimer Rat'' reporting to the ruler. The term remained in use during subsequent monarchic reigns in German-speaking areas of Europe until the end of the First World War. The English-language equivalent is Privy Councillor. The office contributing to the state's politics and legislation had its roots in the age of absolutism from the 17th century onward, when a governmental administration by a dependent bureaucracy was established similar to the French ''Conseil du Roi''. A precursor was the ''Reichshofrat'', a judicial body established by Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg. In Austria the professional title of ''Hofrat'' (Court Councillor) has remained in use as an official title for deserved civil servants up to today. With the Empire's dissolution and the rise of Constitutionalism in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the office of a ''Geheimrat'' became an honorific title conferred by the German states upon high officials, accompanied by the address ''Exzellenz''. During that period related titles no longer affiliated with an office arose, like ''Geheimer Kommerzienrat'', an award for outstanding contributions in the field of commerce and industry, or ''Geheimer Medizinalrat'', an award for outstanding contributions to medicine. In the Republic of Austria the title was officially abolished in 1919. In Germany, the title largely disappeared after the fall of the German Empire in 1918, when the various princely states of Germany were replaced by the constituent states of the Weimar Republic, although ''Geheimräte'' continued to be appointed by the Free State of Bavaria. However, many honorees continued to use it, and the title Geheimrat, its abbreviation ''ドイツ語:Geh. Rat'' and related abbreviations (''ドイツ語:Geh. Med.-Rat'', ''ドイツ語:Geh. Ober-Med.-Rat'' and even ''ドイツ語:Geh. Hofrat'') appear in captions until the 1930s, such as used by the German Federal Archives.〔(Bundesarchiv – Picture database: Picture archive )〕〔(Mitglieder, welchen die Ehrengabe verliehen wurde ). Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg; ISSN 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「geheimrat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|