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geist
Geist ((:ˈɡaɪst)) is a German word. Depending on context it can be translated as the English words mind, spirit, or ghost, covering the semantic field of these three English nouns. Some English translators resort to using "spirit/mind" or "spirit (mind)" to help convey the meaning of the term.〔C. Marvin Pate. ''From Plato to Jesus: What Does Philosophy Have to Do with Theology?''. 2011, page 69〕〔Rosenkranz, Karl. ''Hegel, as the national philosopher of Germany''. 1874, page 85〕
''Geist'' is a central concept in Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's ''The Phenomenology of Spirit'' (''Phänomenologie des Geistes'').
==Etymology and translation==
Edmund Spenser's usage of the English-language word 'ghost', in his 1590 ''The Faerie Queene'', demonstrates the former, broader meaning of the English-language term. In this context, the term describes the sleeping mind of a living person, rather than a ghost, or spirit of the dead. The word ''Geist'' is etymologically identical to the English ''ghost'' (from a Common Germanic ') but has retained its full range of meanings, while some applications of the English word ''ghost'' had become obsolete by the 17th century, replaced with the Latinate ''spirit''.〔As observed by Alexander Gil, ''The sacred philosophy of the holy scripture: laid down... in... the apostles'' (1635): "The word Ghost in English () is as much as athem, or breath; in our new Latin language, a Spirit." Spenser in 1590 could still say ''No knight so rude, I weene, As to doen outrage to a sleeping ghost'' (''Faerie Queene'' II. viii. 26), by "sleeping ghost" referring to the sleeping mind of a living person, not the ghost of a deceased one.〕 For this reason, English-language translators of the term ' from the German language face some difficulty in rendering the term, and often disagree as to the best translation in a given context.
Analogous terms in other languages include the Ancient Greek word (''pneuma''), the Latin ', the French ' and the Sanskrit प्राण ''prana''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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