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geoglyph
A ''geoglyph'' is a large design or motif (generally longer than 4 metres) produced on the ground and typically formed by clastic rocks or similarly durable elements of the landscape, such as stones, stone fragments, live trees,〔:ru:Надписи из деревьев〕 gravel, or earth. A positive geoglyph is formed by the arrangement and alignment of materials on the ground in a manner akin to petroforms, while a negative geoglyph is formed by removing patinated clasts to expose unpatinated ground in a manner akin to petroglyphs.
==Ancient==
The most famous geoglyphs are the Nazca Lines in Peru. The cultural significance of these geoglyphs for their creators remains unclear, despite many hypotheses.〔New Technologies for Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Investigations in Palpa and Nasca, Peru, Natural science in archaeology, page 50, Markus Reindel, Günther A. Wagner, Springer Verlag, 2009. ISBN 978-3-540-87437-9〕 The "Works of the Old Men" in Arabia, "stone-built structures that are far more numerous than (the) Nazca Lines, far more extensive in the area that they cover, and far older," 〔Professor David Kennedy, quoted by Owen Jarus, LiveScience Contributor. ("Visible Only From Above, Mystifying 'Nazca Lines' Discovered in Mideast" ), MSNBC (via LiveScience), 9/15/2011〕 have been described as geoglyphs by Amelia Sparavigna, a physics professor at Politecnico di Torino in Italy.〔Amelia Sparavigna, quoted by Owen Jarus, LiveScience Contributor. ("Visible Only From Above, Mystifying 'Nazca Lines' Discovered in Mideast" ), MSNBC (via LiveScience), 9/15/2011〕 The use of this term to describe these features is probably inaccurate, as recent research has shown that most were not constructed primarily as art, but were rather built to serve a range of purposes including burial sites and funerary customs, aiding in the trapping of migratory animals, and as cleared areas for camps, houses and animal enclosures.〔(Professor David Kennedy, The “Works of the Old Men” in Arabia: remote sensing in interior Arabia )〕
Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest, Brazil, leading to claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations.〔(Amazon Jungle geoglyphs in Portuguese )〕 Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Unnatural Histories – Amazon )〕
Other areas with geoglyphs include Megaliths in the Urals, South Australia (Marree Man, which is not ancient, rather a modern work of art, with mysterious origins), Western Australia and parts of the Great Basin Desert in the southwestern United States. Hill figures, turf mazes and the stone-lined labyrinths of Scandinavia, Iceland, Lappland and the former Soviet Union are types of geoglyphs.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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