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geopolitics
Geopolitics (from Greek γῆ ''ge'' "earth, land" and πολιτική ''politikē'' "politics") is the study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on international politics and international relations.〔Devetak et al (eds), ''An Introduction to International Relations'', 2012, p. 492.〕 Geopolitics is a method of studying foreign policy to understand, explain and predict international political behaviour through geographical variables. These include area studies, climate, topography, demography, natural resources, and applied science of the region being evaluated.〔Evans, G & Newnham, J., (1998), "The Penguin Dictionary of International relations", Penguin Books, London, Uk. ISBN 0-14-051397-3〕
Geopolitics focuses on political power in relation to geographic space. In particular, territorial waters and land territory in correlation with diplomatic history. Academically, geopolitics analyses history and social science with reference to geography in relation to politics. Outside of academia, geopolitical prognosis is offered by a variety of groups including non-profit groups as well as by for-profit private institutions (such as brokerage houses〔Fidelity. ("2015 Stock Market Outlook" ), a sample outlook report by a brokerage house.〕 and consulting companies〔McKinsey Insights & Publications. ("Insights & Publications" ).〕).Topics of geopolitics include relations between the interests of international political actors, interests focused to an area, space, geographical element or ways, relations which create a geopolitical system.〔Vladimir Toncea, 2006, "Geopolitical evolution of borders in Danube Basin"〕 "Critical geopolitics" deconstructs classical geopolitical theories, by showing their political/ideological functions for great powers during and after the age of imperialism.〔Mehmet Akif Okur, “Classical Texts Of the Geopolitics and the “Heart Of Eurasia”, Journal of Turkish World Studies, XIV/2, pp.76-90 https://www.academia.edu/10035574/CLASSICAL_TEXTS_OF_THE_GEOPOLITICS_AND_THE_HEART_OF_EURASIA_Jeopoliti%C4%9Fin_Klasik_Metinleri_ve_Avrasya_n%C4%B1n_Kalbi_ http://tdid.ege.edu.tr/files/dergi_14_2/mehmet_akif_okur.pdf〕
The term has been however used to describe a broad spectrum of ideas, from "a synonym for international relations, social, political and historical phenomena" to various pseudo-scientific theories of historical and geographic determinism.
==American geopolitical doctrine ==
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