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giudicati
The Giudicati (''Judicadu'', ''Logu'' or ''Rennu'' in Sardinian language) were autonomous state entities that took power in Sardinia between the ninth and fifteenth centuries. They were sovereign states with summa potestas, each ruled by a King called Judges (''Judikes'' in Sardinian).
==Historical causes of the advent of the Giudicati==
Sardinia, after a relatively brief Vandal occupation (456-534), was from 535 until the eighth century, a province of the Byzantine Empire.
Since 705, with the rapid expansion of Islam, the Muslims pirates from North Africa began their raids against the island. These raids found no effective opposition of the Byzantine army and in 815 Sardinian ambassadors required military assistance to the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious.
In 807, 810/812 and 821/822 the Arabs of Spain and North Africa tried to invade the island but the Sardinians resisted several attacks, so much that in a letter of the 851 Pope Leo IV ask aid to the ''Iudex Provinciae'' (judge of the province) of Sardinia, based in Caralis, for the defense of Rome. With the fall in the eighth century of the Exarchate of Africa, based in Carthage, and especially with the emergence of the Arab presence in Sicily (827) Sardinia remained disconnected from Byzantium and had necessarily become economically and militarily independent.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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