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Glossophobia or speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking or of speaking in general. The word ''glossophobia'' comes from the Greek (unicode:γλῶσσα) ''glōssa'', meaning tongue, and φόβος ''phobos'', fear or dread. Many people only have this fear, while others may also have social phobia or social anxiety disorder. Stage fright may be a symptom of glossophobia.〔 == Symptoms == Symptoms include: *intense anxiety prior to, or simply at the thought of having to verbally communicate with any group, *avoidance of events which focus the group's attention on individuals in attendance, *physical distress, nausea, or feelings of panic in such circumstances. The more specific symptoms of speech anxiety can be grouped into three categories: physical, verbal, and non-verbal. Physical symptoms result from the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) responding to the situation with a "fight-or-flight" reaction. Since the modus operandi, or method of operating, of the sympathetic system is all-or-nothing, adrenaline secretion produces a wide array of symptoms at once - all of which are supposed to enhance your ability to fight or escape a dangerous scenario. As Garcia-Lopez (2013)〔 Garcia-Lopez, L.J. (2013). (Treating...social anxiety disorder ). Madrid: Piramide〕 has noted, these symptoms include acute hearing, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, increased perspiration, increased oxygen intake, stiffening of neck/upper back muscles, and dry mouth. Some of these may be alleviated by drugs such as beta-blockers, which bind to the adrenaline receptors of the heart, for example. The verbal symptoms include (but are not limited to) a tense voice, a quivering voice, and vocalized pauses—which tend to comfort anxious speakers. One form of speech anxiety is dysfunctional speech anxiety, in which the intensity of the fight-or-flight response prevents an individual from performing effectively. Many people report stress-induced speech disorders which are only present during public speech. Some glossophobics have been able to dance, perform in public, or even to speak (such as in a play) or sing if they cannot see the audience, or if they feel that they are presenting a character or stage persona rather than themselves. Being able to blend in a group (as in a choir or band) can also alleviate some anxiety caused by glossophobia. It has been estimated that 75% of all people experience some degree of anxiety/nervousness when public speaking.〔Hamilton, C. (2008/2005). ''Communicating for Results, a Guide for Business and the Professions (eighth edition)''. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth〕 In fact, surveys have shown that most people fear public speaking more than they fear death. If untreated, public speaking anxiety (as other mental health problems) can cause serious detrimental effects on people in general, and undergraduate students in particular, as it may prevent them from accomplishing their educational goals. A recent study conducted by Garcia-Lopez, Diez-Bedmar, and Almansa-Moreno (2013) has reported that previously trained students could act as trainers to other students and help them to improve their public speaking skills.〔Garcia-Lopez, L. J., Diez-Bedmar, M.B., & Almansa-, Moreno, J.M. (2013). (From being a trainee to being a trainer:helping peers improve their public speaking skills ). Journal of Psychodidactics, 18, 331-342. 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「glossophobia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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