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A glove (Middle English from Old English ''glof'') is a garment covering the whole hand. Gloves have separate sheaths or openings for each finger and the thumb; if there is an opening but no (or a short) covering sheath for each finger they are called fingerless gloves. Fingerless gloves having one large opening rather than individual openings for each finger are sometimes called gauntlets, though gauntlets are not necessarily fingerless. Gloves which cover the entire hand or fist but do not have separate finger openings or sheaths are called mittens. Mittens are warmer than gloves made of the same material because fingers maintain their warmth better when they are in contact with each other. Reduced surface area reduces heat loss. A hybrid of glove and mitten contains open-ended sheaths for the four fingers (as in a fingerless glove, but not the thumb) and an additional compartment encapsulating the four fingers. This compartment can be lifted off the fingers and folded back to allow the individual fingers ease of movement and access while the hand remains covered. The usual design is for the mitten cavity to be stitched onto the back of the fingerless glove only, allowing it to be flipped over (normally held back by Velcro or a button) to transform the garment from a mitten to a glove. These hybrids are called convertible mittens or glittens, a combination of "glove" and "mittens". Gloves protect and comfort hands against cold or heat, damage by friction, abrasion or chemicals, and disease; or in turn to provide a guard for what a bare hand should not touch. Latex, nitrile rubber or vinyl disposable gloves are often worn by health care professionals as hygiene and contamination protection measures. Police officers often wear them to work in crime scenes to prevent destroying evidence in the scene. Many criminals wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints, which makes the crime investigation more difficult. However, the gloves themselves can leave prints that are just as unique as human fingerprints. After collecting glove prints, law enforcement can then match them to gloves that they have collected as evidence.〔(Police use glove prints to catch criminals )〕 In many jurisdictions the act of wearing gloves itself while committing a crime can be prosecuted as an inchoate offense.〔James W.H. McCord and Sandra L. McCord, ''Criminal Law and Procedure for the paralegal: a systems approach'', ''supra'', p. 127.〕 Fingerless gloves are useful where dexterity is required that gloves would restrict. Cigarette smokers and church organists use fingerless gloves. Some gloves include a gauntlet that extends partway up the arm. Cycling gloves for road racing or touring are usually fingerless. Guitar players often use fingerless gloves in circumstances when weather is much too cold to play with an un-covered hand. Gloves are made of materials including cloth, knitted or felted wool, leather, rubber, latex, neoprene, and metal (as in mail). Gloves of kevlar protect the wearer from cuts. Gloves and gauntlets are integral components of pressure suits and spacesuits such as the Apollo/Skylab A7L which went to the moon. Spacesuit gloves combine toughness and environmental protection with a degree of sensitivity and flexibility. ==History== Gloves appear to be of great antiquity. According to some translations of Homer's ''The Odyssey'', Laërtes is described as wearing gloves while walking in his garden so as to avoid the brambles.〔"Gloves." Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition〕 (Other translations, however, insist that Laertes pulled his long sleeves over his hands.) Herodotus, in ''The History of Herodotus'' (440 BC), tells how Leotychides was incriminated by a glove (gauntlet) full of silver that he received as a bribe. There are occasional references to the use of gloves among the Romans as well. Pliny the Younger (c. 100), his uncle's shorthand writer wore gloves in winter so as not to impede the elder Pliny's work. A gauntlet, which could be a glove made of leather or some kind of metal armour, was a strategic part of a soldier's defense throughout the Middle Ages, but the advent of firearms made hand-to-hand combat rare. As a result, the need for gauntlets disappeared. During the 13th century, gloves began to be worn by ladies as a fashion ornament.〔 They were made of linen and silk, and sometimes reached to the elbow.〔 Such worldly accoutrements were not for holy women, according to the early 13th century ''Ancrene Wisse'', written for their guidance.〔J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. ''Ancrene Wisse'', 8. ''The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle: Ancrene Wisse'' (Early English Text Society, CCXLIX) London 1962, noted by Diane Bornstein, ''The Lady in the Tower'' (Hamden, Connecticut) 1983:25 note 4.〕 Sumptuary laws were promulgated to restrain this vanity: against samite gloves in Bologna, 1294, against perfumed gloves in Rome, 1560.〔Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle, "Coquette at the Cross? Magdalen in the Master of the Bartholomew Altar's Deposition at the Louvre" ''Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 59.4 (1996:573–577) assembles numerous historical references to gloves, with bibliography.〕 A Paris ''corporation'' or guild of glovers (''gantiers'') existed from the thirteenth century. They made them in skin or in fur.〔Étienne-Martin Saint-Léon, ''Histoire des corporation de métiers depuis leurs origines jusqu'à leur suppression en 1791'' (Paris) 1922, noted by Boyle 1996:174:10.〕 By 1440, in England glovers had become members of the Dubbers or Bookbinders Guild until they formed their own guild during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Glovers' Company was incorporated in 1613.〔(【引用サイトリンク】) industries">url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol4/pp220-253 )〕 It was not until the 16th century that gloves reached their greatest elaboration; however, when Queen Elizabeth I set the fashion for wearing them richly embroidered and jewelled,〔 and for putting them on and taking them off during audiences, to draw attention to her beautiful hands.〔Roy C. Strong, ''Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I'' (Oxford) 1963:18f.〕 The 1592 "Ditchley" portrait of her features her holding leather gloves in her left hand. In Paris, the ''gantiers'' became ''gantiers parfumeurs'', for the scented oils, musk, ambergris and civet, that perfumed leather gloves, but their trade, which was an introduction at the court of Catherine de Medici,〔Charles VIII of France received some gloves that were scented with powder of violet, but they were not of French making (Boyle 1996:174).〕 was not specifically recognised until 1656, in a royal ''brevet''. Makers of knitted gloves, which did not retain perfume and had less social cachet, were organised in a separate guild, of ''bonnetiers''〔In the earliest usage, ''bonnet'' was the woolen thread worked by hand with the needle or a spindle (Boyle 1996:174).〕 who might knit silk as well as wool. Such workers were already organised in the fourteenth century. Knitted gloves were a refined handiwork that required five years of apprenticeship; defective work was subject to confiscation and burning.〔Boyle 1996:174〕 In the 17th century, gloves made of soft chicken skin became fashionable. The craze for gloves called "limericks" took hold. This particular fad was the product of a manufacturer in Limerick, Ireland, who fashioned the gloves from the skin of unborn calves.〔Jenkins, Jessica Kerwin, The Encyclopedia of the Exquisite, Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, p. 85〕 Embroidered and jeweled gloves formed part of the insignia of emperors and kings. Thus Matthew of Paris, in recording the burial of Henry II of England in 1189, mentions that he was buried in his coronation robes with a golden crown on his head and gloves on his hands.〔 Gloves were found on the hands of King John when his tomb was opened in 1797 and on those of King Edward I when his tomb was opened in 1774.〔 Pontifical gloves are liturgical ornaments used primarily by the pope, the cardinals, and bishops.〔 They may be worn only at the celebration of mass.〔 The liturgical use of gloves has not been traced beyond the beginning of the 10th century, and their introduction may have been due to a simple desire to keep the hands clean for the holy mysteries, but others suggest that they were adopted as part of the increasing pomp with which the Carolingian bishops were surrounding themselves.〔 From the Frankish kingdom the custom spread to Rome, where liturgical gloves are first heard of in the earlier half of the 11th century.〔 When short sleeves came into fashion in the 1700s, women began to wear long gloves, reaching half-way up the forearm. By the 1870s, buttoned kid, silk, or velvet gloves were worn with evening or dinner dress, and long suede gloves were worn during the day and when having tea.〔(History of gloves and their significance )〕 In 1905, ''The Law Times'' made one of the first references to the use of gloves by criminals to hide fingerprints, stating: ''For the future... when the burglar goes a-burgling, a pair of gloves will form a necessary part of his outfit.'' Early Formula One race cars used steering wheels taken directly from road cars. They were normally made from wood, necessitating the use of driving gloves.〔Formula One () retrieved on 02/01/2011〕 Latex gloves were developed by the Australian company Ansell. Ansell launched the ActivArmr line, which produces protective gloves for construction, plumbing, HVAC, and military applications. Tommie Smith and John Carlos held up their leather glove-clad fists at the awards ceremony of the 1968 Summer Olympics. Their actions were intended to symbolize Black Power. They were banned from the Olympics for life as a result of the incident. Yet another of the more infamous episodes involving a leather glove came during the 1995 O.J. Simpson murder case in which Simpson demonstrated that the glove purportedly used in the alleged murder was too small to fit his hand. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「glove」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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